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AP Psych > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

Prediction of how two or more factors are likely to be related.

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2
Q

Replication

A

Repetition of the methods used in a previous experiment to see whether the same methods will yield the same results.

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3
Q

Population

A

All of the individuals in the group to which the study applies.

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4
Q

Sample

A

The subgroup of the population that participates in the study.

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5
Q

Random selection

A

Choosing of members of a population so that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in a study.

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6
Q

Control Group

A

The comparison group; the subgroup of the sample that is similar to the experimental group in every way except for the presence of the independent variable.

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7
Q

Quasi-experiment

A

Measurement of a DV when random assignment to groups is not possible.

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8
Q

Random Assignment

A

Division of the sample into groups so that every individual has an equal chance of being put in any group or condition.

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9
Q

Confounding Variables

A

Factors that cause differences between the experimental group and the control group other than the independent variable.

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10
Q

Operational Definition

A

A description of the specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable.

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11
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher’s expectations/preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained.

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12
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Clues participants discover about the purpose of the study that suggest how they should respond.

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13
Q

Single-Blind Procedure

A

Research design in which participants don’t know whether they are in the experimental or control group.

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14
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

Research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental or control group.

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15
Q

Placebo

A

A physical or psychological treatment given to the control group the resembles the treatment given to the experimental group, but contains no active ingredient.

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16
Q

Placebo Effect

A

A response to the belief that the IV will have an effect, rather than the actual effect of the IV, which can be a confounding variable.

17
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency or repeatability of results.

18
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which an instrument measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict.

19
Q

Theories

A

Organized sets of concepts that explain phenomena.

20
Q

Statistics

A

A field that involves the analysis of numerical data about representative samples of populations.

21
Q

Descriptive Statics

A

Numbers that summarize a set of research data obtained from a sample.

22
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

An orderly arrangement of scores indicating the frequency of each score or group of scores.

23
Q

Central Tendency

A

Average or most typical scores of a set of research data or distribution.

24
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occurring score in a set of research data.

25
Q

Median

A

The middle score when a set of data is ordered by size.

26
Q

Mean

A

The arithmetic average of a set of scores.

27
Q

Variability

A

The spread or dispersion of a set of research data or distribution.

28
Q

Range

A

The difference between the largest score and the smallest score.

29
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Measures the average difference between each score and the mean of the data set.

30
Q

Normal Distribution

A

Bell-shaped curve that represents data about how lots of human characteristics are dispersed in the population.

31
Q

Percentile Score

A

The percentage of scores at or below a particular score (from 1 to 99).

32
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A statistical measure of the degree of relatedness or association between two sets of data that ranges from -1 to +1.

33
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions.

34
Q

Statistical Significance

A

The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is less than 1 in 20 according to some psychologists, or less than 1 in 100 according to those with more stringent standards.

35
Q

Ethical Guidelines

A

Suggested rules for acting responsibly and morally when conducting research or in clinical practice.

AP Psych (11 decks)

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