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AP Psych > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Information Processing Model

A

(Of Memory) encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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2
Q

Encoding

A

The process of putting info into the memory system.

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3
Q

Storage

A

The retention of encoded info over time.

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of getting info out of memory storage.

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5
Q

Shallow Processing

A

Structural encoding emphasizes structure of incoming sensory info.

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6
Q

Deep processing

A

Semantic encoding involves forming an association or attaching meaning to a sensory impression and results in longer lasting memories.

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7
Q

Self reference effect/encoding

A

Processing info deemed important or relevant more deeply, making it easier to recall.

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8
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Memory system that holds external events from senses for up to a few secs.

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9
Q

Visual encoding

A

The encoding of pics.

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10
Q

Iconic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli.

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11
Q

Acoustic Encoding

A

The encoding of sound. Especially words.

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12
Q

Echoic Memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

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13
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Unconscious encoding of info about space, time, and frequency that occurs without interfering with our thinking about other things.

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14
Q

Parallel Processing

A

A natural mode of info processing that involves several info streams simultaneously.

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15
Q

Effortful Processing

A

Encoding that requires our attention and effort.

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16
Q

Feature Extraction

A

(Pattern Recognition) finding a match for new raw info in sensory storage by actively searching through long term memory.

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17
Q

Short term memory

A

(Working memory) 20 secs before its forgotten. Usually for 7 items.

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18
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repetition that keeps info in STM about 20 secs.

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19
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Repetition that creates associations between the new memory and existing memories stored in LTM.

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20
Q

Method of Loci

A

Uses visualization with familiar objects on a path to recall info in a list.

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21
Q

Peg word system

A

Uses association of terms to be remembered with a memorized scheme.

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22
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memory of facts and experiences that one consciously knows and can verbalize.

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23
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Memory of general knowledge and objective facts. Part of explicit memory.

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24
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory of personally experienced events. Part of explicit memory.

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25
Q

Implicit memory

A

Retention without conscious recollection of learning the skills and dispositions.

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26
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Memories of perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills. Part of implicit memory.

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27
Q

Hierarchies

A

Systems in which concepts are arranged from more general to more specific classes.

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28
Q

Concepts

A

Mental representations of related things.

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29
Q

Prototypes

A

The most typical examples of a concept.

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30
Q

Semantic Networks

A

More irregular and distorted systems than strict hierarchies, with multiple links from one concept to another.

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31
Q

Script

A

A scheme for an event.

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32
Q

Connectionism

A

Theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections between neurons, many of which can work together to process a single memory.

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33
Q

Artificial Intelligence

A

A field of study in which computer programs are designed to simulate human cognitive abilities such as: reasoning, learning, and understanding language.

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34
Q

Parallel processing model

A

Clusters of neurons that are interconnected and process info simultaneously, automatically, and without our awareness.

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35
Q

Long term potentiation

A

An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation and possibly the neural basis for learning and memory, involving an increase in the efficiency with which signals are sent across the synapses within neural networks.

36
Q

Thalamus

A

Involved in encoding sensory memory into STM

37
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in putting info from STM into LTM

38
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved in the storage of emotional memories.

39
Q

Cerebellum

A

Processes implicit memories and seems to store procedural memory and classically conditioned memories.

40
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Processes implicit memories

41
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of getting info out of memory storage.

42
Q

Priming

A

Activating specific associations in memory either consciously or unconsciously.

43
Q

Retrieval cue

A

A stimulus that provides a trigger to get an item out of memory.

44
Q

Recognition

A

Identification of something as familiar such as multiple choice and matching questions on a test

45
Q

Recall

A

Retrieval of info from LTM in the absence of any other info or cues such as for an essay question or fill in the blank.

46
Q

Reconstruction

A

Retrieval that can be distorted by adding, dropping, or changing details to complete a pic from incomplete stored info.

47
Q

Confabulation

A

Process of combining and substituting memories from events other than the one you’re trying to remember

48
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

49
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Incorporation of misleading info into memories of a given event.

50
Q

Serial position effect

A

Better recall for info that comes at the beginning and at the end of a list.

51
Q

Encoding Specificity principle

A

Retrieval depends upon the match between the way info is encoded and that way it’s retrieved

52
Q

Interference

A

Learning some items prevents retrieving others, especially when they’re similar.

53
Q

Proactive interference

A

The process by which old memories prevent the retrieval of new ones.

54
Q

Retroactive interference

A

The process by which new memories prevent the retrieval of old ones.

55
Q

Repression

A

The tendency to forgot unpleasant or traumatic memories hidden in the unconscious mind.

56
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Inability to put new info into explicit memory resulting from damage to the hippocampus. No new semantic memories are formed.

57
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Memory loss for a segment of the past, usually around the time of an accident

58
Q

Overlearning

A

Continuing to practice after learning info makes it more resistant to forgetting

59
Q

Cognition

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering.

60
Q

Metacognition

A

Thinking about how you think.

61
Q

Algorithm

A

Problem solving strategy that involves a step by step procedure that guarantees solution

62
Q

Heuristic

A

A problem solving strategy used as a mental shortcut to quickly simplify and solve a problem. Does not guarantee a solution.

63
Q

Insight learning

A

The sudden appearance or awareness of a solution to a problem.

64
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Reasoning from the general to the specific

65
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Reasoning from the specific to the general

66
Q

Mental sets

A

Barriers to problem solving that occur when we apply only methods that have worked in the past rather than trying something new

67
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

When we are not able to recognize novel uses for an object bc we are so familiar with its common use.

68
Q

Cognitive Illusion

A

Systematic way of thinking that is responsible for an error in judgment.

69
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

A tendency to estimate the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind.

70
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Tendency to judge the likelihood of things according to how they relate to a prototype.

71
Q

Framing

A

The way an issue is stated. How a question is asked.

72
Q

Anchoring Effect

A

Tendency to be influenced by a suggested reference point, pulling our response toward that point.

73
Q

Conformation Bias

A

Tendency to notice or seek info that already supports our preconceptions and ignore info that refutes our ideas.

74
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

The tendency to hold fast onto a belief after the basis for the belief is discredited

75
Q

Belief Bias

A

The tendency for our preexsisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, making illogical conclusions seem valid or logical conclusions seem invalid.

76
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to falsely report, after an event, that we correctly predicted its outcome.

77
Q

Overconfidence Bias

A

The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

78
Q

Incubation

A

Putting aside a problem temporarily; allows the problem solver ,to look at the problem from a different perspective

79
Q

Phonemes

A

Smallest unit of sound in spoken language

80
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest unit of language that has meaning

81
Q

Syntax

A

Rules that are used to order words into sentences

82
Q

Semantics

A

A set of rules we use to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences

83
Q

Holophrase

A

1 word sentences that convey meaning.

84
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

2 word sentences, usually a noun and a verb.

85
Q

Linguistic Relativity Perspective

A

Our language guides and determines our thinking.

86
Q

Memory

A

Human capacity to register, retain, and remember info.

AP Psych (11 decks)

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