Learning

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Learning which takes place when two or more stimuli are presented together; an unconditional stimulus is paired repeatedly with a neutral stimulus until it acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. The subject learns to give a response it already knows to a new stimulus.

Question 2

Stimulus

Answer 2

A change in the environment that elicits a response.

Question 3

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 3

A stimulus that initially does not elicit a response.

Question 4

Unconditional Response

Answer 4

Reflexively, or automatically, brings about the unconditioned response.

Question 5

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

A neutral stimulus at first, but when paired with the UCS, it elicits the conditioned response.

Question 6

Acquisition

Answer 6

In classical conditioning, learning to give a known response to a new stimulus, the neutral stimulus.

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

Repeatedly presenting a CS without a USC leads to return of the NS.

Question 8

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 8

After extinction, and without training, the previous CS suddenly elicits the CR again temporarily.

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

Stimuli similar to the CS also elicit the CR without training.

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

The ability to tell the difference between stimuli so that only the CS elicits the CR.

Question 11

Higher-Order Conditioning

Answer 11

Classical conditioning in which a well learned CS is paired with a NS to produce a CR to the NS.

Question 12

Averse Conditioning

Answer 12

Learning involving an unpleasant or harmful stimulus or reinforcer.

Question 13

Avoidance Behavior

Answer 13

Takes away the unpleasant stimulus before it begins.

Question 14

Escape Behavior

Answer 14

Takes away the unpleasant stimulus after it has already started.

Question 15

Instrumental learning

Answer 15

Associative learning in which a behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences.

Question 16

Law of effect

Answer 16

Behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened while behaviors followed by annoying/negative consequences are weakened.

Question 17

Operant conditioning

Answer 17

Learning that occurs when an active learner performs certain voluntary behavior, and the consequences of the behavior determine the likelihood of its recurrence.

Question 18

Positive reinforcement

Answer 18

A rewarding consequence that follows a voluntary behavior thereby increasing the probability the behavior will be repeated.

Question 19

Primary reinforcer

Answer 19

Something that is biologically important and thus rewarding.

Question 20

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 20

Something rewarding bc it is associated with a primary reinforcer.

Question 21

Generalized reinforcer

Answer 21

Secondary reinforcer associated with a number of different primary reinforcers.

Question 22

Punishment

Answer 22

An aversive consequence that follows a voluntary behavior thereby decreasing the probability the behavior will be repeated.

Question 23

Premack Principle

Answer 23

A more probable behavior can be used as a reinforcer for a less probable one.

Question 24

Negative reinforcement

Answer 24

Removal of an aversive consequence that follows a voluntary behavior thereby increasing the probability the behavior will be repeated (escape and avoidance).

Question 25

Omission Training

Answer 25

Removal of a rewarding consequence that follows a voluntary behavior thereby decreasing the probability that the behavior will be repeated.

Question 26

Shaping

Answer 26

Positively reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desirable behavior to teach a new behavior.

Question 27

Chaining

Answer 27

Establishes a specific sequence of behaviors by initially positively reinforcing each behavior in a desired sequence and then later rewarding only the completed sequence.

Question 28

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 28

Schedule that provides reinforcement following the particular behavior every time it’s exhibited.

Question 29

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 29

Occasional reinforcement of a particular behavior. Produces response that is more resistant to extinction.

Question 30

Fixed Ratio

Answer 30

Reinforcement of a particular behavior after a specific number of responses.

Question 31

Variable Ratio

Answer 31

Reinforcement of a particular behavior after a number of responses that changes at random around an average number.

Question 32

Variable Interval

Answer 32

Reinforcement of the first particular response made after a length of time that changes at random around an average time period.

Question 33

Behavior Modification

Answer 33

A field that applies the behavioral approach scientifically to solve problems.

Question 34

Instinctive Drift

Answer 34

A conditioned response that moves toward the natural behavior of the organism.

Question 35

Latent learning

Answer 35

Learning in the absence of rewards.

Question 36

Insight

Answer 36

The sudden appearance of an answer to a problem.

Question 37

Learning

Answer 37

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.