History and Approaches

Question 1

Monism

Answer 1

Seeing mind and body as different aspects of the same thing.

Question 2

Dualism

Answer 2

Seeing mind and body as two different things that interact.

Question 3

Nature-Nurture Controversy

Answer 3

The extent to which behavior results from heredity or experience.
Plato and Descartes = nature
Aristotle, Locke, Watson, and Skinner = nurture

Question 4

School of Structuralism

Answer 4

Early psychological perspective that emphasized units of consciousness and identification of elements of thought using introspection.

Question 5

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 5

Founder of scientific psychology. Studied consciousness using introspection.

Question 6

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 6

Brought introspection to his lab at John Hopkins University. 1st president of the American Psychological Association.

Question 7

School of Functionalism

Answer 7

Early psychological perspective concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to its environment.

Question 8

William James

Answer 8

Wrote Principles of Psychology

Question 9

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 9

1st woman president of the Amee Psychological Association.

Question 10

Behavioral Approach

Answer 10

Psychological perspective concerned with behavioral reactions to stimuli; learning as a result of experience.

Question 11

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 11

Known for classical conditioning of dogs.

Question 12

John Watson

Answer 12

Known for experiments in classical aversive conditioning.

Question 13

B. F. Skinner

Answer 13

Known for experiments in operant conditioning.

Question 14

Psychoanalytical/Psychodynamic Approach

Answer 14

Psychological perspective concerned with how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior.

Question 15

Sigmund Freud

Answer 15

Father of psychoanalysis

Question 16

Humanistic Approach

Answer 16

Psychological perspective concerned with individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in growth toward one’s potential.

Question 17

Biological Approach

Answer 17

Psychological perspective concerned with physiological and biochemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes.

Question 18

Cognitive Approach

Answer 18

Psychological perspective concerned with how we receive, store, and process information; think/reason; and use language.

Question 19

Jean Piaget

Answer 19

Studied cognitive development in children.

Question 20

Evolutionary Approach

Answer 20

Psychological perspective concerned with how natural selection favored behaviors that contributed to survival and spread of our ancestor’s genes; evolutionary psychologists take a Darwinian approach to the study of human behavior.

Question 21

Sociocultural Approach

Answer 21

Psychological perspective concerned with how cultural differences affect behavior.

Question 22

Biopsychosocial Model

Answer 22

Overarching psychological perspective that integrates biological processes, psychological factors, and social forces to provide a more complete picture of behavior and mental processes than in a single approach.

Question 23

Eclectic

Answer 23

Use of techniques and ideas from a variety of approaches.

Question 24

Clinical Psychologist

Answer 24

Evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

Question 25

Counseling Psychologist

Answer 25

Help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle.

Question 26

Developmental Psychologist

Answer 26

Study psychological development throughout the lifespan.

Question 27

Psychology

Answer 27

The science of behavior and mental processes.

Question 28

Educational Psychologist

Answer 28

Focus on how effective teaching and learning take place.

Question 29

Engineering Psychologist

Answer 29

Do research on how people function best with machines

Question 30

Experimental Psychologist

Answer 30

Do research to add new knowledge to the field.

Question 31

Forensic Psychologist

Answer 31

Apply psychological principles to legal issues.

Question 32

Health Psychologist

Answer 32

Concentrate on biological, psychological, and social factors involved in health and illness.

Question 33

Industrial/Organizational Psychologist

Answer 33

Aim to improve productivity and the quality of work life by applying psychological principles and methods to the workplace.

Question 34

Neuropsychologist

Answer 34

Explore the relationships between brain/nervous systems and behavior. AKA biological psychologist/biopsychologists, behavioral geneticist, physiological psychologist, and behavioral neuroscientists.

Question 35

Personality Psychologist

Answer 35

Focus on traits, attitudes, and goals of the individual.

Question 36

Psychometricians

Answer 36

Focus on methods for acquiring and analyzing psychological data.

Question 37

Rehabilitation Psychologist

Answer 37

Help clients with mental retardation, developmental disabilities, and disabilities resulting from a stroke or accidents adapt to their situation.

Question 38

School Psychologist

Answer 38

Asses and counsel students, consult with educators and parents, and preform behavioral intervention when necessary.

Question 39

Social Psychologist

Answer 39

Focus on how a person’s mental life and behavior are shaped by interactions with other people.

Question 40

Sports Psychologist

Answer 40

Help athletes refine their focus an competition goals, increase motivation, and deal with anxiety and fear of failure.