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Psychology > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a variable

A

Anything that can vary (time to perform task,memory,attention)

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2
Q

What is a true experiment

A

Must be a control condition and an experimental condition and ppts must be randomly assigned to conditions

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3
Q

Why does a researcher manipulate the IV

A

To test its effect on the dependent variable

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4
Q

What is an independent variable

A

Manipulated by the researcher or changes naturally

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5
Q

What is a dependent variable

A

Measured by researcher. Any effect on DV should be caused by changes in the IV

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6
Q

How do you test the effect of the IV

A
  • Control condition
  • Experimental condition
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7
Q

What is the control condition

A

It provides a baseline measure of behaviour without experimental treatment

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8
Q

What is the experimental condition

A
  • When theres been researcher manipulation.
  • The condition in which the researcher is particularly keen to see if a difference in behaviour has occurred
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9
Q

What is operationalisation

A

Clearly defining variables so they can be measured

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10
Q

What is an aim

A

A general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate, the purpose of the study.

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11
Q

What is an hypothesis

A

A testable statement predicting the outcome of the study which is made at the start of the study.

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12
Q

Directional hypothesis (one-tailed)

A

Researcher makes it clear what sort of difference or relationship that may be seen in 2 conditions
- May use ‘less’ ‘more’ ‘higher’ or ‘lower’

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13
Q

Non directional hypothesis (two-tailed)

A

Used when there has been no previous research to suggest what direction the research will go in.
- Researcher claims theres a difference/ relationship but outcome isn’t mentioned

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14
Q

Lab experiments

A
  • Highly controlled environments
  • IV is manipulated to see effects on DV
  • Ppts can be randomly allocated to conditions.
  • Considered a true experiment
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15
Q

Field experiments

A
  • IV is manipulated to see effects on DV
  • Conducted in a real life setting.
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16
Q

Natural experiment

A
  • Researcher takes advantage of naturally occurring IV and effect it has on DV.
  • Researcher didn’t manipulate IV directly
  • Researcher cannot randomly allocate ppts to conditions & no control over IV so NOT A TRUE EXPERIMENT
    ( the IV isn’t natural, not the setting)
17
Q

Quasi experiment

A
  • ‘Almost’ experiments
  • IV doesn’t vary at all - difference between ppl that exists and sees effects on DV
  • Ppts aren’t randomly allocated as not control over IV, NOT A TRUE EXPERIMENT.
18
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Any variable other than the IV that may have an effect on the DV if its not controlled
- eg: age, intelligence - ppt
- eg: personality, appearance - experimenter

19
Q

Confounding variables

A

Any variable other than the IV that has not been controlled so affects the DV.
- So therefore can’t ben sure to true reasons of changes in DV

20
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Ppts are not ‘passive’ and might work out aims and change their bevahiour to ‘please u’ or ‘screw u’

21
Q

Investigator effect

A

Effects on the investigators behaviour (conscious or unconscious) on the research outcome

22
Q

Ways of minimising extraneous/confounding variables

A
  • Randomisation
  • Standardisation
23
Q

What is randomisation

A

The use of change in order to control bias. Randomly generating names from a hat

24
Q

What is standardisation

A

Using exactly the same procedures for all ppts, such as the same environment, instructions and experiments

25
Q

What is validity

A

How accurate and representative the results are.
- There’s internal and external validity

26
Q

Internal validity

A

Whether the results are due to manipulation of the IV and not affected by the confounding variables

27
Q

External validity

A

The extent to which the results can be generalised to other settings
- temporal & ecological validity

28
Q

Temporal validity

A

Refers to how well we can generalise the results across different periods of time

29
Q

Ecological validity

A

Whether the experimental results can be generalised to their settings from artificial settings to real life environments.

30
Q

Reliability

A

Refer to how consistent the results are . If the result is repeated and has similar results the its reliable

31
Q

Internal reliability

A

The extent to which a test is consistent within itself .
- eg: if someone was doing questionnaire on obedience they should have the same score on each question for it to be considered to have internal reliability

32
Q

External validity

A

The extent to which a test is consistent overtime.
- eg: if someone achieved 120 on IQ test nd they were testes again in 8 months, we would expect them to achieve the same results.

Psychology (9 decks)

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