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psyc revision > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

1
Q

what is a correlation

A

shows a link/relationship between variables, known as co-variable 1 and co-variable 2 and there is no manipulation from the researcher

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2
Q

quasi experiment
positives and negatives

A

the experiment is based on an IV that already exists between ppts that the researcher has not maniupulated
+ can be in lab/field so use those
- sample bias

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3
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a number from a statistic test that tells us how strong/weak the corrolation is. they range from +1 to -1 and the closer to 0 the weaker they are

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4
Q

correlation types

A

strong
weak

positive
zero
negative

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5
Q

sampling methods

A

random
systematic
stratified
volunteer
opportunity

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6
Q

overt observation

A

ppts know the observation is being conducted
+ more ethically appropriate
- prone to demand charecteristics

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7
Q

feild experiment

A

takes place in a natural environment where the researcher maniuplates the IV to see the effect on the DV
+ less prone to demand charecteritics
+ high ecological validity
- ethical issues
- lacks reliablility

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8
Q

behaviour sampling in observations

A

time
event

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9
Q

experimental methods

A

lab
field
natural
quasi

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10
Q

naturalistic observation
positives and negatives

A

natural behaviour in a natural environment where the ppts would usually be and there is no manipulation of variables
+ less prone to demand charecteristics
+ high ecological validity
- ethical issues
- lack of reliability

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11
Q

types of observation

A

covert
overt
controlled
naturalistic
participant
non-participant

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12
Q

opportunity sample

A

being there at that moment in time and using the people you find
+ very quick, easy and cheap
- not representative

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13
Q

event sampling

A

the observer decides on specific events relevant to the investigation, and records every time they happen within a set time period

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14
Q

random sampling

A

create a list of target population in alphabetical order
put each person on that list on equal sized pieces of paper
put all the paper into a hat
pick out the required number of ppts for condition 1 and codition 2
+ unbaised
- time consuming

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15
Q

controlled observation

A

the conditions are manipulated by the researcher
+ high in reliability
- lacks ecological validity
- more prone to demand charecterstics

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16
Q

time sampling

A

the observer tallies specific behaviour at set time intervals and ignores any other behaviour that occurs

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17
Q

systematic sampling

A

create a sampling frame to organise the targer population into, like alphabetically order all ppts and pick the nth person
+ avoids researcher bias
- may not be representative

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18
Q

stratified sampling

A

the sample reflects real life proportions of groups in the target population
+ most representative
- most time consuming

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19
Q

natural experiment

A

the resaercher takes advantage of a natually occuring IV
+ allows for new areas of research that wouldn’t have been experimented due to ethical/practical reasons
+ high ecological validity
- may rarely happen which limits research
- no control over EVs

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20
Q

participant observation

A

the researcher is involved with the group
+ can gain deep understanding
- increased chance of researcher bias

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21
Q

matched pairs
positives and negatives

A

ppts are matched together based on a charecteristic
+ no order effects
+ reduces individual differences
- time consuming
- individual differences cannot be fully eliminated

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22
Q

non-participant observation

A

researcher does not get involved with the group
+ reduced chance of researcher bias
- less likely to gain in-depth understanding

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23
Q

independent groups
positives and negatives

A

ppts only take part in one condition
+ no order effects
+ can be used when repeated measures in innapropriate (e.g. quasi)
- individual differences
- more ppts needed

24
Q

covert observation

A

observation is conducted without the ppts knowing
+ less prone to demand characteristics
- ethical issues

25
Q

lab experiment

A

highly controlled envrironment where the reasearcher manipulated the IV to see effect on the DV
+ high control over EVs
+ high in reliability
- lacks ecological validity
- prone to demand charecteristics

26
Q

volunteer sample

A

people self-select themselves to be part of the research
+ very quick, easy and cheap
- not representative

27
Q

correlations AO3

A

+ no manipulation of variables means appropriate for ethical/practical reasons
+ act as a starting point to assess possible patterns
- difficult to establish cause and effect
- can be misinterprited

28
Q

experimental design

A

independent groups
repeated measures
matched pairs

29
Q

repeated measures
positives and negatives

A

ppts take part in both conditions
+ individual differences are removed
+ requires fewer ppts
- order effects
- increased chance of demand chareteristics

30
Q

what is a questionaire

A

form part of a survey that ask a large sample of people for info on a specific topic
pre-set list of questions

31
Q

questionaire AO3

A

+ can tackle sensitive issues as ppts can remain anyonymous, meaning theyre more likely to be honest, increases internal validity
+ reduction of investigator effects, the researcher isn’t present whilst taking the questionaire
+ can be given to a large quantity of people
- social desirability bias, people may try to present themselves in the best light, lowering internal validity
- misinterpretation of questions, ppts may not understand the question and cannot ask the researcher questions and they cannot give clarifications, give invalid information, lowering internal validity

32
Q

what are open questions

A

ppts use their words to express their views and responses tend to be in greater detail

33
Q

what do we gain from open questions

A

qualitative = non-numerical

34
Q

what are closed questions

A

ppts responses are fixated, usually to yes/no

35
Q

what do we gain from closed questions

A

quantitative = numerical
yes/no is NOT quantitative data

36
Q

AO3 open questions

A

+ provides in-depth, rich, detailed data which provides greater understanding of the behaviour in context
- open to researcher bias as ppts responses will be open to the subjective interpretation of the researcher

37
Q

AO3 closed questions

A

+ easier to analyse and collect data allowing for comparisons to be made
- lacks depth and insight into behaviour

38
Q

what is a structured interview

A

all the questions are pre-set and you are less likely to deviate from the topic
every interviewee will be asked the same questions in the same order, cannot be asked extra questions

39
Q

structured interview AO3

A

+ all ppts get asked the same questions meaning you can compare responses and identify trends and patterns, unlike unstructured where ppts get different questions and it’s therefore harder to make comparisons
- researcher cannot deviate and follow up to get new lines of enquiry, means they do not get a full understanding of behaviour in context

40
Q

unstructured interviews

A

no set questions and each interviewee gets different questions
the questions are based on the responses of the interviewee

41
Q

AO3 unstructured interviews

A

+ get more depth, can gain a fuller understanding of the ppts behaviour, increasing internal validity
- can be hard to identify patterns and trends, make the responses harder to analyse

42
Q

what is a case study

A

in-depth study conducted on one group/person. can be over a long period of time and are often accompanied with other techniques such as interviews and questionnaires, to produce in-depth qualitative data.

43
Q

case study AO3

A

+ offer rich, detailed insights into unusual form of behaviour that would otherwise be difficult to manipulate in an experimental setting.
- low population validity as it was only conducted on a person/small group of people, therefore it would be difficult to generalise the findings to the target population, lowering the external validity

44
Q

what is a pilot study

A

a small scale trial run of the research before the main scale research takes place to identify any problems and amend/fix them

45
Q

what are the aims of a pilot study

A

check standardised procedures and the general design of the study
check the ppts have enough time for the task
check questions are clear for interview/questionaire
check coding systems and behaviour categories are operationalised for obeservations
any EVs are identified and eliminated
and problems can be identified and amended/fixed
ask ppts to dicuss their experiences of their experiments

46
Q

when do ethical issues arise

A

when there is a conflict between the rights of the ppts and the researcher getting their findings

47
Q

4 types of ethical issues

A

lack of informed consent
deception
confidentiality
protection from harm

48
Q

what is deception

A

when ppts are not told the true aims of the research deliberately, to prevent demand characteristics

49
Q

what is confidentiality

A

ppts data and details remain anyonymous so they cannot be identified in the research, the researcher could use fake names

50
Q

what is protection from participants

A

ppts should be protected from physchological and physical harm, they must not be placed at more risk than they would experience in everyday life

51
Q

what is informed consent

A

ppts give permission to take part in a study after being informed of the true aims of the research , as well as being given the right to withdraw

52
Q

how to deal with deception

A

post research interview where the ppts are told the true aims of the research
given the right to withdraw
ppts should be reminded their behaviour is normal/typical of the general public, if they’re embarassed offer counsilling

53
Q

how to deal with informed consent

A
  • presumptive consent = get consent from a similar sample of ppts who won’t be doing the study
  • parental consent = gained from parents if ppts are under the age of 16
  • prior informed consent = getting gernal consent from ppts on things that could happen
54
Q

how to deal with protection from harm

A

right to withdraw at any point
offer debrief

55
Q

how to deal with confidentiality

A

keep everything anyonymous

56
Q

what is face validity

A

an independent psychologist in the same field looks at the experimental conditions (questionaire) or behavioural charecteristics (observation) to see if they measure what they intent to measure, if the researcher says yes then the experiment is valid

psyc revision (6 decks)

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