approaches AO1 Flashcards
what are the behaviourist assumptions about human behaviour
- humans are born a blank slate
- all behvaiour is learnt from the environment and can be unlearnt
what are the assumptions of SLT
- learning is through observing a model and imitating a model
- there are some cognative factors involved in learning and we have an element of free will.
what is modelling in SLT
a model performing a behaviour for the observer to imitate
What were the findings of Bandura’s bobo doll study
children in the aggressive condition had significantly higher physical and verbal aggression scores than the children in the non-aggressive condition.
boys were more likely to imitate aggression than girls
what is vicarious reinforcement in SLT
if someone observes a model being rewarded for a behaviour, they’re more likely to imitate it for the same reward
in pavlovs research what was the
unconditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
food
bell
salivation
bell
salivation
what is imitation in SLT
when an individual observes a models behaviour and copies it
what is motivation in SLT mediational processes
an individual may be motivated to imitate a models behaviour if they have seen the model be rewarded for the behaviour (vicarious reinforcement) OR if they idenitify with the model
what is negative reinforcement
doing a behaviour to avoid a negative consequence so the behaviour is repeated to continually avoid the unpleasant consequence
what is reproduction in SLT mediational processes
an individual must have the skills and capabilities to be confident they can reproduce a models behaviour
what are the observational learning methods (non-mediational processes)
Modelling
Identification
Vicarious reinforcement
Imitation
who did classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
who did operant conditioning
Skinner
what is positive reinforcement
doing a behaviour to get a positive reward so behaviour is encouranged to get the same reward
what is identification in SLT
when an observer associates themself with the role model due to similarity or status
how was the rat negatively reinforced in skinners research
when the rat pressed the lever the electrical current stopped
how was the rat positively reinforced in skinners research
when the rat pressed the lever it got fed
what are the mediational processes
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
THEY ARE ALL COGNATIVE
what is retention in SLT mediational processes
when an individual stores the memory of the models behaviour in their LTM, this is more likely to occur if the behaviour is repeated
what is attention in SLT mediational processes
when an oberver pays attention to the behaviour of a role model, this is more likely to occur when the behaviour is distinctive
describe the oral stage and a adulthood consequence in the psychosexual stages
0-1 years
gratification for the id is gained from the mouth such as dummies, thumb sucking and the mothers breast
oral fixation = smoking and biting nails
describe the anal stage and a adulthood consequence in the psychosexual stages
1-3 years
gratification for the id is gained from the anus such as expulsion or withholding a poo
anal retention = perfectionist
anal expulsion = messy
describe the phallic stage and a adulthood consequence in the psychosexual stages
3-5 years
gratification for the id is gained from exploring their own genitalia
phallic consequence = narcissistic
describe the genital stage and a adulthood consequence in the psychosexual stages
12 years
sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty
difficultly forming heterosexual relationships
assumptions of the psychodynamic approach
- behaviour is due to unconscious motives
- it focuses on past experiences
role of the unconscious
part of the mind that contains information we are not consciously aware of such as repressed memories. the unconscious drives much of behaviour such as our personality.
role of the conscious
the part of the mind we are aware of
role of the preconscious
part of the mind below the concious and includes thoughts we may become aware of during dreams “slips of the tongue”
role of the unconscious
part of the mind we are unaware of such as biological drives and instincts or disturbing memories that have been repressed and locked away but continue to drive our behaviour
the structure of the personality (psychodynamic approach)
id = pleasure principle, part of the unconscious mind, focuses on self and immediate gratification, if the id is too overpowering it can produce a selfish personality
ego = reality principle, conscious part of the mind, balances the demands of the id and superego to reduce conflict by using defence mechanisms
superego = morality principle, internalised sense of right and wrong based on parental values, if it’s too overpowering the superego can produce a anxious personality
what is a defence mechanism (psychodynamic approach)
unconscious to stop the ego from becoming overwhelmed
repression = forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind
denial = refusing to acknowledge the unpleasant aspect of reality
displacement = transferring feelings from the true source onto a less threatening substitute target
describe the assumptions of the humanistic approach for free will
free will is possible
humans are self-determining so our behaviour is due to our choices and we can reject any internl/exteral influeces
describe the humanistic approach for self-actualisation
Maslow developed a heirarchy of needs that a person needs for survival and growth.
- physiological needs = required for survival e.g. food and water (bottom of the heircharchy)
- safety needs e.g. employment and good health
- love and belonging e.g. friendship and love
- esteem needs e.g. confidence and achievement
- self-actualisation = the highest level and is not a need
describe the humanistic approach for the self and congruence
argues that for a person to achieve personal growth there needs to be a focus on the self the real self = how we actually are and how we percieve ourself
ideal self = the person we want to be or the person we think we should be
congruence = when there is a match between your real self and your ideal self which enables for personal growth and people to achieve their goals. when there is a mismatch between real and ideal self a person is in a state of incongruence and they are more likely to have low-self worth and poor psychological health
describe the humanistic approach for conditions of worth
incongruence stems from childhood where parents or significant others place limits on their love. these conditions of worth influence the person in their development and this can lead to the gap between real and ideal self which can lead to further incongruence.
how to reduce incongruence
counsellings can help them deal with these issues as the therapist creates an environment where the person can feel unconditional positive reward
the influence of humanistic psychology on counselling
person centered therapy = focuses on present problems and the therapy is more forward thinking to help the client reduce incongruence, the client is seen as an expert in their own lives and the therapists offer empathy to facilitate the clients growth, PCT is non-directive where the client is encouranged to exert free will and discover their own solutions to their problems
assumptions of the biological approach
physical factors such as the inheritance of genes and hormones can explain behaviour
feature one of the biological explanation - the influence of genes
argues that behavioural charecteristics are genetically inherited and behaviours will run in families.
E.g. OCD is due to the inheritance of many maladaptive genes e.g. SERT, this means that the closer the genetic link to someone with OCD increases the risk of inheriting OCD.
The genetic probability of sharing a behaviour is measured by concordance rates. Twin studies show this as MZ twins have a concordance of 87% whereas DZ twins have a concordance rate of 47% for OCD (Carey and Gottsman)
what is a genotype (in the biological approch to human behaviour)
a specific set of genes that an individual has inherited from their biological parents and is unique. They can give a predisposition to disorders.
what is phenotype (in the biological approch to human behaviour)
The product of a combination of the genotype and an individuals environment. This is how genes are expressed through physical, behavioural and psychological characteristics and are observable traits.
feature two of the biological approch to human behaviour - the influence of biological structures
the brain is a bio structure that can influence behaviour
abnormalities relating to size and shape can lead to certain behaviours
E.g abnormal functioning in the parahippocampul gyrus links to increased anxiety in people with OCD
feature three the biological approch to human behaviour - the influence of neurochemistry
a neuotransmitter is a chemical message in the brain that passes info from one synapse to another to produce a behaiour/emotion
an imbalance in neurotransmitters can cause abnormal behaviour
E.g. an imbalance of the neurotransmitter dopamine has been linked to the development of Schizophrenia as it is linked to symptoms of the abnormal behaviour, such as auditory hallucinations.
assumptions of the cognative approach
internal, mental processes affect behaviour
feature one of the cognative approch to human behaviour - study of internal mental processes
argues that internal mental processes can be scientifically studied by investigating memory, perception and thinking
cog psychologists suggest that mental processes are private and cannot be observed so inferences have to be drawn
what is an infernece in the cognative approch to human behaviour
cog psychologists go beyond immediate evidence and draw logical assumptions about how internal mental processes drive behaviour based on behaviour they observe.
feature two of the cognative approch to human behaviour - use of theoretical and computer models
cog psychologists suggest the mind functions like a computer (computer analogy)
the information-processing model suggests that information may enter the brain but how we respond depends on how we process the information
stage 1 - input = receive information from the environment via senses
stage 2 - information processing = how info in processed, and this info is then stored as a memory e.g. a mental representation
stage 3 - output = the appropriate behaviour/emotion is performed
theoretical models are part of the assumption that the human mind is like a computer as models can be used to provide testable theories about mental processing and these can be studied scientifically.
feature two of the cognative approch to human behaviour - role of schemas
schema = a form of internal mental process/representation that is created through unique experience. They are held in the LTM and form stereotypes, and they can change through life and become more detailed through experience.
Role = help us make quick decisions and are a useful mental shortcut that prevent us from being overwhelmed
Why they may not be beneficial = can cause bias/inaccurate recall in EWT as we say what we expect to see, not what we actually have
