Research Methods

Question 1

Name 4 methods (category) for visualizing and stimulating the living human brain

Answer 1

Xray, radioactive, magnetic field and ultrasound

Question 2

Summarize how an Xray works

Answer 2

Xray beam passes through an object and onto a photographic plate

Each molecule it passes through absorbs some radiation, the unabsorbed molecules reach the plate

the internal structures of the objects are characterized by absorbing xray differently

Question 3

infusion of radio-opaque dye into cerebral artery to examine/vis the cerebral circ system

Answer 3

cerebral angiography

Question 4

cerebral angiography is used for

Answer 4

finding vascular damage or tumor

Question 5

the CT scan was invented in the ___ and stands for__

Answer 5

the 70s

computed tomography

Question 6

1st brain imaging to show functional brain images
rather than structural

Answer 6

Positron emission tomography
PET

Question 7

MRI has high ____ and low ___

Answer 7

spatial resolution

Poor temporal resolution

Question 8

who can’t undergo MRI and should used functional ultrasound instead?

Answer 8

babies and those with metal in eyes or brain

Question 9

Transcranial amg stim allows you to

Answer 9

use a magnetic filament in a coil to disrupt or turn off brain regions to assess cog and behaviour

Question 10

name 3 ways to record human physiological activity

Answer 10

EEG (scalp electrodes) electroencephalogram

MEG - Magnetoencephalography

EKG = electrocardiogram

Question 11

EEG records

Answer 11

Event related potentials

Question 12

MEG records

Answer 12

changes in magnetic field on scalp from neural activity

Question 13

periods of heart contraction?

Answer 13

Systoles

Question 14

min pressure during relaxation

Answer 14

Diastoles

Question 15

sphygmomanometer does what?

Answer 15

measures BP

Question 16

what is stereotaxic surgery?

Answer 16

Head in brace, open the skull, use steretaxic atlas (records of brain diagram)

Question 17

intracellular recordings capture

Answer 17

EPSP and IPSP, moment to moment graded potentials

Question 18

recording in the extracellular fluid captures

Answer 18

blip when neuron fires, up to 1000 neurons from multiple electrodes

Question 19

Pharmacological Research Methods are for

Answer 19

admin of drugs to up or down the effects of drugs and observe consequences

Question 20

name 6 routes for drug admin

Answer 20

Ingestion
Intragastrically
Intraperitoneally
intramuscular injection
Subcutaneous Injection
IV (large surface vein)

Question 21

how to get a drug into the brain if it wont’ cross the BBB?

Answer 21

using a cannula, implant it sterotaxically

Question 22

what two acids are used to induce chemical lesion?

Answer 22

Kainic

ibotenic

Question 23

what does cerebral dialysis measure?

Answer 23

extracellular concentration of neurochems in brain

Question 24

How do researchers locate NT’s and receptors in brains of animals?

Answer 24

Immunocytochemistry

inject antigen (foreign protein), bunny makes antibodies that bind to remove or kill antigen

Label antibodies with dye or radioactive and expose brain slices to the antibodies

Question 25

Do you got this?

Answer 25

Fuck yeah you do!!

Question 26

In situ hybridization is used for

Answer 26

detecting and localizing viral nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) sequence uses a labelled complementary nucleic acid

Question 27

Genetic knockout mice are used for

Answer 27

researching gene expression, epigenome

Question 28

GFP is

Answer 28

a protein from jellyfish that shows as green fluorescence when exposed to UV light used to research gene expression

Question 29

Brainbow is

Answer 29

is a process by which individual neurons in the brain can be distinguished from neighboring neurons using fluorescent proteins. allows tracing of axonal neurons

Question 30

Opsins are used in

Answer 30

optogenetics light senstive ion channels in cell membrane of some bacteria. light hits can hyper or depolarize cell membrane

Question 31

opsin genes are injected into

Answer 31

neuron

Question 32

Neurotesting can help brain-damaged patients by

Answer 32

1. helping diagnose neural disorder (imaging, eeg) 2. Serve a basis for counselling 3. Providing a basis for evaluating effective treatment and side effects

Question 33

the single test approach was discarded in the

Answer 33

1950s

Question 34

a series of tests that tend be failed by brain-damaged vs healthy brained

Answer 34

Halstead-reitan Neuropsych test battery

Question 35

what is a shortcoming of the Halstead-reitan Neuropsych test battery

Answer 35

doesn't differentiate between neuro and psych patients

Question 36

The customized battery approach is used to

Answer 36

characterize the nature of the psych deficits in each patient

Question 37

remembering a sequence of numbers

Answer 37

digit span test

Question 38

name 4 common neurotests

Answer 38

IQ Digit span token test Language lateralization

Question 39

Language lateralization is

Answer 39

95% left hemi for right handed 70% for left

Question 40

injecting sodium amytal into a carotid artery is used for

Answer 40

determining language dominant hemisphere

Question 41

rules of sounds of language?

Answer 41

phonology

Question 42

grammar of language?

Answer 42

syntax

Question 43

meaning of language?

Answer 43

semantics

Question 44

name the two assumptions of cog neuro-science

Answer 44

each complex process is the sum of Constituent Cognitive Processes Each CCP is mediated by neural activity in certain brain regions

Question 45

goal of cog-neuro-sci?

Answer 45

ID parts of brain that mediate cog processes

Question 46

Default mode network involves which regions?

Answer 46

medial and lateral partieal medial PFC and lateral temporal

Question 47

The 3 R's of animal research are

Answer 47

Replacement Reduction Refinement

Question 48

What did PhD candidate Christina Ou show with her work on rats sex differences?

Answer 48

differences in hippocampal theta frequency function females explored much more in the open arms