Research Methods Flashcards
Name 4 methods (category) for visualizing and stimulating the living human brain
Xray, radioactive, magnetic field and ultrasound
Summarize how an Xray works
Xray beam passes through an object and onto a photographic plate
Each molecule it passes through absorbs some radiation, the unabsorbed molecules reach the plate
the internal structures of the objects are characterized by absorbing xray differently
infusion of radio-opaque dye into cerebral artery to examine/vis the cerebral circ system
cerebral angiography
cerebral angiography is used for
finding vascular damage or tumor
the CT scan was invented in the ___ and stands for__
the 70s
computed tomography
1st brain imaging to show functional brain images
rather than structural
Positron emission tomography
PET
MRI has high ____ and low ___
spatial resolution
Poor temporal resolution
who can’t undergo MRI and should used functional ultrasound instead?
babies and those with metal in eyes or brain
Transcranial amg stim allows you to
use a magnetic filament in a coil to disrupt or turn off brain regions to assess cog and behaviour
name 3 ways to record human physiological activity
EEG (scalp electrodes) electroencephalogram
MEG - Magnetoencephalography
EKG = electrocardiogram
EEG records
Event related potentials
MEG records
changes in magnetic field on scalp from neural activity
periods of heart contraction?
Systoles
min pressure during relaxation
Diastoles
sphygmomanometer does what?
measures BP
what is stereotaxic surgery?
Head in brace, open the skull, use steretaxic atlas (records of brain diagram)
intracellular recordings capture
EPSP and IPSP, moment to moment graded potentials
recording in the extracellular fluid captures
blip when neuron fires, up to 1000 neurons from multiple electrodes
Pharmacological Research Methods are for
admin of drugs to up or down the effects of drugs and observe consequences
name 6 routes for drug admin
Ingestion
Intragastrically
Intraperitoneally
intramuscular injection
Subcutaneous Injection
IV (large surface vein)
how to get a drug into the brain if it wont’ cross the BBB?
using a cannula, implant it sterotaxically
what two acids are used to induce chemical lesion?
Kainic
ibotenic
what does cerebral dialysis measure?
extracellular concentration of neurochems in brain
How do researchers locate NT’s and receptors in brains of animals?
Immunocytochemistry
inject antigen (foreign protein), bunny makes antibodies that bind to remove or kill antigen
Label antibodies with dye or radioactive and expose brain slices to the antibodies
Do you got this?
Fuck yeah you do!!
In situ hybridization is used for
detecting and localizing viral nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) sequence
uses a labelled complementary nucleic acid
Genetic knockout mice are used for
researching gene expression, epigenome
GFP is
a protein from jellyfish that shows as green fluorescence when exposed to UV light
used to research gene expression
Brainbow is
is a process by which individual neurons in the brain can be distinguished from neighboring neurons using fluorescent proteins.
allows tracing of axonal neurons
Opsins are used in
optogenetics
light senstive ion channels in cell membrane of some bacteria.
light hits can hyper or depolarize cell membrane
opsin genes are injected into
neuron
Neurotesting can help brain-damaged patients by
- helping diagnose neural disorder (imaging, eeg)
- Serve a basis for counselling
- Providing a basis for evaluating effective treatment and side effects
the single test approach was discarded in the
1950s
a series of tests that tend be failed by brain-damaged vs healthy brained
Halstead-reitan Neuropsych test battery
what is a shortcoming of the Halstead-reitan Neuropsych test battery
doesn’t differentiate between neuro and psych patients
The customized battery approach is used to
characterize the nature of the psych deficits in each patient
remembering a sequence of numbers
digit span test
name 4 common neurotests
IQ
Digit span
token test
Language lateralization
Language lateralization is
95% left hemi for right handed
70% for left
injecting sodium amytal into a carotid artery is used for
determining language dominant hemisphere
rules of sounds of language?
phonology
grammar of language?
syntax
meaning of language?
semantics
name the two assumptions of cog neuro-science
each complex process is the sum of
Constituent Cognitive Processes
Each CCP is mediated by neural activity in certain brain regions
goal of cog-neuro-sci?
ID parts of brain that mediate cog processes
Default mode network involves which regions?
medial and lateral partieal
medial PFC and lateral temporal
The 3 R’s of animal research are
Replacement
Reduction
Refinement
What did PhD candidate Christina Ou show with her work on rats sex differences?
differences in hippocampal theta frequency function
females explored much more in the open arms
