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Brain and Behaviour 1 > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 4 methods (category) for visualizing and stimulating the living human brain

A

Xray, radioactive, magnetic field and ultrasound

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2
Q

Summarize how an Xray works

A

Xray beam passes through an object and onto a photographic plate

Each molecule it passes through absorbs some radiation, the unabsorbed molecules reach the plate

the internal structures of the objects are characterized by absorbing xray differently

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3
Q

infusion of radio-opaque dye into cerebral artery to examine/vis the cerebral circ system

A

cerebral angiography

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4
Q

cerebral angiography is used for

A

finding vascular damage or tumor

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5
Q

the CT scan was invented in the ___ and stands for__

A

the 70s

computed tomography

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6
Q

1st brain imaging to show functional brain images
rather than structural

A

Positron emission tomography
PET

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7
Q

MRI has high ____ and low ___

A

spatial resolution

Poor temporal resolution

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8
Q

who can’t undergo MRI and should used functional ultrasound instead?

A

babies and those with metal in eyes or brain

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9
Q

Transcranial amg stim allows you to

A

use a magnetic filament in a coil to disrupt or turn off brain regions to assess cog and behaviour

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10
Q

name 3 ways to record human physiological activity

A

EEG (scalp electrodes) electroencephalogram

MEG - Magnetoencephalography

EKG = electrocardiogram

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11
Q

EEG records

A

Event related potentials

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12
Q

MEG records

A

changes in magnetic field on scalp from neural activity

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13
Q

periods of heart contraction?

A

Systoles

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14
Q

min pressure during relaxation

A

Diastoles

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15
Q

sphygmomanometer does what?

A

measures BP

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16
Q

what is stereotaxic surgery?

A

Head in brace, open the skull, use steretaxic atlas (records of brain diagram)

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17
Q

intracellular recordings capture

A

EPSP and IPSP, moment to moment graded potentials

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18
Q

recording in the extracellular fluid captures

A

blip when neuron fires, up to 1000 neurons from multiple electrodes

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19
Q

Pharmacological Research Methods are for

A

admin of drugs to up or down the effects of drugs and observe consequences

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20
Q

name 6 routes for drug admin

A

Ingestion
Intragastrically
Intraperitoneally
intramuscular injection
Subcutaneous Injection
IV (large surface vein)

21
Q

how to get a drug into the brain if it wont’ cross the BBB?

A

using a cannula, implant it sterotaxically

22
Q

what two acids are used to induce chemical lesion?

A

Kainic

ibotenic

23
Q

what does cerebral dialysis measure?

A

extracellular concentration of neurochems in brain

24
Q

How do researchers locate NT’s and receptors in brains of animals?

A

Immunocytochemistry

inject antigen (foreign protein), bunny makes antibodies that bind to remove or kill antigen

Label antibodies with dye or radioactive and expose brain slices to the antibodies

25
Q

Do you got this?

A

Fuck yeah you do!!

26
Q

In situ hybridization is used for

A

detecting and localizing viral nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) sequence

uses a labelled complementary nucleic acid

27
Q

Genetic knockout mice are used for

A

researching gene expression, epigenome

28
Q

GFP is

A

a protein from jellyfish that shows as green fluorescence when exposed to UV light

used to research gene expression

29
Q

Brainbow is

A

is a process by which individual neurons in the brain can be distinguished from neighboring neurons using fluorescent proteins.

allows tracing of axonal neurons

30
Q

Opsins are used in

A

optogenetics

light senstive ion channels in cell membrane of some bacteria.

light hits can hyper or depolarize cell membrane

31
Q

opsin genes are injected into

A

neuron

32
Q

Neurotesting can help brain-damaged patients by

A
  1. helping diagnose neural disorder (imaging, eeg)
  2. Serve a basis for counselling
  3. Providing a basis for evaluating effective treatment and side effects
33
Q

the single test approach was discarded in the

A

1950s

34
Q

a series of tests that tend be failed by brain-damaged vs healthy brained

A

Halstead-reitan Neuropsych test battery

35
Q

what is a shortcoming of the Halstead-reitan Neuropsych test battery

A

doesn’t differentiate between neuro and psych patients

36
Q

The customized battery approach is used to

A

characterize the nature of the psych deficits in each patient

37
Q

remembering a sequence of numbers

A

digit span test

38
Q

name 4 common neurotests

A

IQ
Digit span
token test
Language lateralization

39
Q

Language lateralization is

A

95% left hemi for right handed
70% for left

40
Q

injecting sodium amytal into a carotid artery is used for

A

determining language dominant hemisphere

41
Q

rules of sounds of language?

A

phonology

42
Q

grammar of language?

A

syntax

43
Q

meaning of language?

A

semantics

44
Q

name the two assumptions of cog neuro-science

A

each complex process is the sum of
Constituent Cognitive Processes

Each CCP is mediated by neural activity in certain brain regions

45
Q

goal of cog-neuro-sci?

A

ID parts of brain that mediate cog processes

46
Q

Default mode network involves which regions?

A

medial and lateral partieal

medial PFC and lateral temporal

47
Q

The 3 R’s of animal research are

A

Replacement
Reduction
Refinement

48
Q

What did PhD candidate Christina Ou show with her work on rats sex differences?

A

differences in hippocampal theta frequency function

females explored much more in the open arms

Brain and Behaviour 1 (8 decks)

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