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Brain and Behaviour 1 > Evolution and Genetics > Flashcards

Evolution and Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

deficiency in the awareness of one’s body parts.

A

asomatognosia

(AYsomtoNOsha)

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2
Q

What are the 3 factors in the Biology of behaviour?

A
  1. Genetic endowment (product of evo)
  2. Experience
  3. Perception of the current situation
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3
Q

What 3 types of evidence did Darwin present as proof of evolution?

A
  1. Document of evolutionary fossil records

2.Linked the structural similarties between varied living species (wing, paw, hand)

  1. He pointed to the major changes in domestic plants and animals by selective breeding.
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4
Q

What discovery in the Galapagos supported Darwin’s theory of evo

A

1 season of drought resulted in longer beaks that were adapted to the most common food source; large, hard to eat seeds

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5
Q

Define natural selection

A

heritable traits that are associated with high levels of reproduction and survival are more likely to be passed down

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6
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that is reproductively isolated from other organisms. (cannot produce fertile offspring by mating with other species)

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7
Q

What causes a new species to branch off?

A

A barrier (geographic or different courtship displays) that interferes with a sub population of a species

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8
Q

800 million years ago….

A

complex, multi-cellular organisms were present

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9
Q

What do Chordates have?

A

A hollow dorsal nerve cords

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10
Q

What did vertebrae’s evolve to have?

A

spinal bones to protect their dorsal nerve cords

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11
Q

What were the first verts?

A

Bony fish

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12
Q

What are the classes of verts?

A

3 fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

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13
Q

only adult ______ can survive on land.

A

Amphibians

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14
Q

Reptiles evolved from ____ and were the ___

A

Amphibians, first verts to lay shell covered eggs and have dry scales

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15
Q

Mammals were a

A

new class of vertebrae

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16
Q

humans are

A

primates

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17
Q

3 major human attributes

A

big brains, upright posture, opposable thumbs

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18
Q

Hominin evo in order

A

Complex multi-cellular
Chordates
Vertebraes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
Hominins

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19
Q

Evo is like

A

a dense bush, non linear in growth

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20
Q

evo is not always

A

slow and gradual

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21
Q

spandrels are

A

Incidental non-adaptive byproducts

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22
Q

exaptations are

A

adaptive characteristics that evolved to serve a different job than they do now

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23
Q

similarities between species that share evo origins are

A

homologous (Homallogus)

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24
Q

traits that are similar but evolved for different reasons are

A

analogous

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25
Q

the folds of the brain are

A

convolutions

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26
Q

Darwin was missing two key facts

A

Why conspecifics differ (same species, different traits)

How anatomical, physiological and behavioural traits were passed down

27
Q

How did Mendel study inheritance?

A

Studying dichotomous traits in pea plants (brown OR white seeds, never both)

Crossing true breeding lines (lines where interbred members always show same traits over generations)

28
Q

Dominant traits are always

A

100% in first generation

29
Q

Recessive traits in pea plants were

A

showing in about 25% of 2nd gen

30
Q

observable traits are

A

phenotypes

31
Q

traits that can be passed down are

A

genotypes

32
Q

two genes that control the same trait are

A

alleles

33
Q

organisms with two identical alleles are

A

Homozygous (homoZigus)

34
Q

organisms with different alleles with a trait are

A

heterozygous

35
Q

what happens in heterozygous organisms with dichotomous traits?

A

one of two kinds of genes dominates the other (brown seed doms white)

36
Q

for each dichotomous trait

A

an organism randomly inherits one of 2 from each parent

37
Q

how many genes do we have?

A

23

38
Q

the process of cell division is

A

meiosis

39
Q

Meiosis produces

A

gametes (egg and sperm cells)

40
Q

sperm and egg make

A

a zygote

41
Q

non gamete cell division is

A

Mitosis

42
Q

each chromo is a..

A

double strand molecule of DNA

43
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

44
Q

an extra chromo in each cell results in

A

Down’s syndrome

45
Q

DNA replication begins with ___ which ___

A

unwinding of two DNA strands, this exposes the Nucleotide bases.

46
Q

complimentary nucleotide bases do what?

A

attract their comp bases which are floating in the nucleus fluid

47
Q

Females have two

A

XX

48
Q

Men have one____ and one___

A

X and Y

49
Q

Dominant genes are more common in

A

females

50
Q

recessive genes are

A

more common in males

51
Q

men are more often colour blind because

A

women almost never inherit two genes for it

52
Q

long chain amino acids

A

proteins

53
Q

Proteins that bind to DNA and increase gene expression are

A

ACTIVATORS

54
Q

Those that that bind to DNA and reduce are called

A

REPRESSORS

55
Q

the two phases of gene expression are

A

Transcription and Translation

56
Q

Gene expression transcription is

A

an unraveled part of a chrome and unraveled part of DNA is a template for the transcription of a short strand of RNA

57
Q

translation in gene expresssion is

A

translation of theRNA base-sequence code into a protein.

58
Q

global collab to map the 3bil NucTide bases is

A

Human genome project

59
Q

the study of mechs of inheritence that are not mediated by changes the gene seq of DNA

A

Epigenetics

60
Q

a protein that provides structural support for a chromosome.

A

histone

61
Q

a re-arrangement of the functional organization of the brain, particularly the arrangements of different sensory areas of the neocortex.

A

Cross-modal plasticity

62
Q

a process where a methyl group becomes attached to DNA molecules and can change the expression of the affected gene without altering the DNA itself

A

DNA Methylation

63
Q
A

Brain and Behaviour 1 (8 decks)

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