Evolution and Genetics Flashcards
deficiency in the awareness of one’s body parts.
asomatognosia
(AYsomtoNOsha)
What are the 3 factors in the Biology of behaviour?
- Genetic endowment (product of evo)
- Experience
- Perception of the current situation
What 3 types of evidence did Darwin present as proof of evolution?
- Document of evolutionary fossil records
2.Linked the structural similarties between varied living species (wing, paw, hand)
- He pointed to the major changes in domestic plants and animals by selective breeding.
What discovery in the Galapagos supported Darwin’s theory of evo
1 season of drought resulted in longer beaks that were adapted to the most common food source; large, hard to eat seeds
Define natural selection
heritable traits that are associated with high levels of reproduction and survival are more likely to be passed down
What is a species?
A group of organisms that is reproductively isolated from other organisms. (cannot produce fertile offspring by mating with other species)
What causes a new species to branch off?
A barrier (geographic or different courtship displays) that interferes with a sub population of a species
800 million years ago….
complex, multi-cellular organisms were present
What do Chordates have?
A hollow dorsal nerve cords
What did vertebrae’s evolve to have?
spinal bones to protect their dorsal nerve cords
What were the first verts?
Bony fish
What are the classes of verts?
3 fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
only adult ______ can survive on land.
Amphibians
Reptiles evolved from ____ and were the ___
Amphibians, first verts to lay shell covered eggs and have dry scales
Mammals were a
new class of vertebrae
humans are
primates
3 major human attributes
big brains, upright posture, opposable thumbs
Hominin evo in order
Complex multi-cellular
Chordates
Vertebraes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
Hominins
Evo is like
a dense bush, non linear in growth
evo is not always
slow and gradual
spandrels are
Incidental non-adaptive byproducts
exaptations are
adaptive characteristics that evolved to serve a different job than they do now
similarities between species that share evo origins are
homologous (Homallogus)
traits that are similar but evolved for different reasons are
analogous
the folds of the brain are
convolutions
Darwin was missing two key facts
Why conspecifics differ (same species, different traits)
How anatomical, physiological and behavioural traits were passed down
How did Mendel study inheritance?
Studying dichotomous traits in pea plants (brown OR white seeds, never both)
Crossing true breeding lines (lines where interbred members always show same traits over generations)
Dominant traits are always
100% in first generation
Recessive traits in pea plants were
showing in about 25% of 2nd gen
observable traits are
phenotypes
traits that can be passed down are
genotypes
two genes that control the same trait are
alleles
organisms with two identical alleles are
Homozygous (homoZigus)
organisms with different alleles with a trait are
heterozygous
what happens in heterozygous organisms with dichotomous traits?
one of two kinds of genes dominates the other (brown seed doms white)
for each dichotomous trait
an organism randomly inherits one of 2 from each parent
how many genes do we have?
23
the process of cell division is
meiosis
Meiosis produces
gametes (egg and sperm cells)
sperm and egg make
a zygote
non gamete cell division is
Mitosis
each chromo is a..
double strand molecule of DNA
DNA stands for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
an extra chromo in each cell results in
Down’s syndrome
DNA replication begins with ___ which ___
unwinding of two DNA strands, this exposes the Nucleotide bases.
complimentary nucleotide bases do what?
attract their comp bases which are floating in the nucleus fluid
Females have two
XX
Men have one____ and one___
X and Y
Dominant genes are more common in
females
recessive genes are
more common in males
men are more often colour blind because
women almost never inherit two genes for it
long chain amino acids
proteins
Proteins that bind to DNA and increase gene expression are
ACTIVATORS
Those that that bind to DNA and reduce are called
REPRESSORS
the two phases of gene expression are
Transcription and Translation
Gene expression transcription is
an unraveled part of a chrome and unraveled part of DNA is a template for the transcription of a short strand of RNA
translation in gene expresssion is
translation of theRNA base-sequence code into a protein.
global collab to map the 3bil NucTide bases is
Human genome project
the study of mechs of inheritence that are not mediated by changes the gene seq of DNA
Epigenetics
a protein that provides structural support for a chromosome.
histone
a re-arrangement of the functional organization of the brain, particularly the arrangements of different sensory areas of the neocortex.
Cross-modal plasticity
a process where a methyl group becomes attached to DNA molecules and can change the expression of the affected gene without altering the DNA itself
DNA Methylation
