Neurotransmission

Question 1

SA synapse of axon terminal onto a dendrite is

Answer 1

an axodendritic synapse

Question 2

synapses of axon terminal buttons onto somas (cell bodies)

Answer 2

axosomatic synapse

Question 3

most synapses in the brain form a

Answer 3

Tripartite synapse

Question 4

a tripartite synapse is comprised of

Answer 4

two neurons and an astroglial cell

Question 5

which kind of synapse is often able to transmit both directions

Answer 5

dendrodentrictic

Question 6

Large NT molecules are

Answer 6

all neuropeptides, short chain amino acids, 3-26

Question 7

Small NT molecules are synthesized in

Answer 7

the cytoplasm of the terminal buttons and packed in synaptic vesicles golgi complexes

Question 8

the process of NT release is called

Answer 8

Exocytosis

Question 9

in order for a synaptic vesicle to release NT’s it must usually

Answer 9

fuse with the presynaptic membrane

Question 10

small molecule NT’s are usually released in a

Answer 10

pulse

Question 11

Neuropeptides are released

Answer 11

slowly in response to the increase of intracelluar Ca2+ ions

Question 12

Ionotropic receptors work with

Answer 12

ligand activated ion channels

Question 13

the most common type of receptor is

Answer 13

metabotropic

Question 14

2nd messenger can

Answer 14

difuse thru the cytoplasm and enter nucleus and bind to DNA

Question 15

What are the two unique features of autoreceptors?

Answer 15

they bind to their neurons own NT’s

they exist on the pre not post membraine

Question 16

what are the two mechanisms that terminate an NT’s message?

Answer 16

Re-uptake int presynaptic button

Enzymatic degradation

Question 17

What are 3 things that Astrocytes do?

Answer 17

release chemical transmitters

have NT receptors

Conduct signals between neurons

Question 18

space between adjacent brain cells

Answer 18

Gap Junctions

Question 19

Gap junctions connect

Answer 19

the cytoplasm of two cells, allowing electrical signals and small molecules to pass through

Question 20

how many NT’s are there?

Answer 20

over 100

Question 21

what are 2 classes of small molecule NT’s?

Answer 21

Amino Acids

Monoamines

Question 22

Name 3 amino acids

Answer 22

glutamate

aspartate

glycine

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 23

how do we make glutamate, aspartate and glycine?

Answer 23

Dietary consumption

Question 24

How is GABA produced?

Answer 24

We modify glutamate

Question 25

The most common excitatory NT in mammalian CNS?

Answer 25

glutamate

Question 26

The most common inhibitory NT in mammalian CNS?

Answer 26

Yo GABA GABA!!!

Question 27

monoamines are released

Answer 27

into the extracellular fluid

Question 28

Neurons that release norepinephrine are

Answer 28

noradrenergic

Question 29

Neurons that release epinephrine are

Answer 29

adrenergic

Question 30

acetylcholine is present at

Answer 30

neuromuscular junctions

Question 31

Endocannabinoids are made

Answer 31

from fatty compounds in the cell membrane

Question 32

Dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin and Norepinephrine are

Answer 32

monoamines

Question 33

name 3 neuropeptide types

Answer 33

pituitary hypothalmic Brain gut Opioid miscellaneous

Question 34

drugs that facilitate NT effects are

Answer 34

agonists

Question 35

drugs that inhibit NT effects are

Answer 35

antagonists

Question 36

opium binds to mostly

Answer 36

receptors in the cerebral aqueduct (connects 3-4 ventricles)

Question 37

endorphins are

Answer 37

endogenous opioids that bind to metabotropic receptors

Question 38

Otto Loewi showed what?

Answer 38

that nerve impulses affect cardiac action thru chemical transmission

Question 39

Henry Dale proposed that

Answer 39

acetylcholine is an endogenous chemical that transmits ANS signals

Question 40

a chemical that is released from the axon terminal of one neuron that either depolarizes or hyperpolarizes a nearby Post-synaptic Neuron

Answer 40

Neurotransmitter

Question 41

a chemical that is released from a neuron and alters the activity of a population of neurons (usually into intracellular fluid)

Answer 41

Neuromodulator

Question 42

Name 3 defining features of NT's

Answer 42

Present in presynaptic neuron (has enzymes and precursors to synthesize the NT, or take up from nearby cellular release) Activity dependant (let out by presynaptic neuron when an AP hits the axon terminal) Action at Postsynaptic receptors (receptors for the NT must exist on the Postsynaptic membrane)

Question 43

Neurotransmitters act between

Answer 43

neurons Ex or INH, ionotropic receptors

Question 44

Neuromodulators act

Answer 44

diffusely across many neurons Metabotropic receptors

Question 45

Cash rules?

Answer 45

everything around me, CREAM get the money, dolla dolla bills ya'll.

Question 46

serotonin, dop, histamine and AcH are all technically

Answer 46

Neuromodulators

Question 47

Estradiol is a ___ and acts by

Answer 47

neuromodulator and modulating synaptic transmission and neuroplasticity

Question 48

primary female sex steroid?

Answer 48

Estradiol

Question 49

An excitatory NT in the CNS for learning, memory. Ionic and metabotropic receptors

Answer 49

Glutamate

Question 50

Ionic and Meta receptors, Inhibitory NT in the CNS Mood/learning/memory sleep.wake

Answer 50

GABA

Question 51

Major NT at the neuromuscular junction, stim of muscle contraction

Answer 51

AcH

Question 52

parkinsons is a result of

Answer 52

degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia

Question 53

Meta receptors, learning, reward, motivation

Answer 53

Dopamine (DA)

Question 54

most common NT in the SNS?

Answer 54

Norepinephrine (NE)

Question 55

learning, mood, memory, pain, 5-HT

Answer 55

Serotonin

Question 56

stress response, meta receptors, alert, pain, memory

Answer 56

Histamine

Question 57

Agonists do what?

Answer 57

bind and activate a receptor

Question 58

Antagonists do what?

Answer 58

bind and block receptors

Question 59

Agonists can come from?

Answer 59

Endogenous, plant and or synthetic sources

Question 60

Injection of (scopolamine) selective AcH receptor antagonist did what in rats?

Answer 60

inhibited spatial learning/memory formation for the morris water maze

Question 61

what are used to treat cognitive symptoms of alzheimers?

Answer 61

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Question 62

Parkinsons comes from a lack of what?

Answer 62

DA in brain

Question 63

treatment mechanism for parkinsons?

Answer 63

Levodopa, it crosses the BBB and is converted by neurons into DA

Question 64

Schizophrenia is caused by an overabundance of ____ , in the _____ and ____ regions

Answer 64

DA in pre-frontal and mesolimbic areas

Question 65

schizoid symptoms are commonly treated with

Answer 65

anti-psychotics that antagonize DA receptors

Question 66

an imbalance of mutliple monoamines in the brain can cause

Answer 66

Depression

Question 67

Treatment for anxiety?

Answer 67

SSRIs and SNRIs or benzos

Question 68

imbalance between EX and INhib neurotransmission may manifest as?

Answer 68

epilepsy