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Brain and Behaviour 1 > Neurotransmission > Flashcards

Neurotransmission Flashcards

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1
Q

SA synapse of axon terminal onto a dendrite is

A

an axodendritic synapse

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2
Q

synapses of axon terminal buttons onto somas (cell bodies)

A

axosomatic synapse

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3
Q

most synapses in the brain form a

A

Tripartite synapse

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4
Q

a tripartite synapse is comprised of

A

two neurons and an astroglial cell

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5
Q

which kind of synapse is often able to transmit both directions

A

dendrodentrictic

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6
Q

Large NT molecules are

A

all neuropeptides, short chain amino acids, 3-26

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7
Q

Small NT molecules are synthesized in

A

the cytoplasm of the terminal buttons and packed in synaptic vesicles golgi complexes

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8
Q

the process of NT release is called

A

Exocytosis

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9
Q

in order for a synaptic vesicle to release NT’s it must usually

A

fuse with the presynaptic membrane

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10
Q

small molecule NT’s are usually released in a

A

pulse

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11
Q

Neuropeptides are released

A

slowly in response to the increase of intracelluar Ca2+ ions

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12
Q

Ionotropic receptors work with

A

ligand activated ion channels

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13
Q

the most common type of receptor is

A

metabotropic

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14
Q

2nd messenger can

A

difuse thru the cytoplasm and enter nucleus and bind to DNA

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15
Q

What are the two unique features of autoreceptors?

A

they bind to their neurons own NT’s

they exist on the pre not post membraine

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16
Q

what are the two mechanisms that terminate an NT’s message?

A

Re-uptake int presynaptic button

Enzymatic degradation

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17
Q

What are 3 things that Astrocytes do?

A

release chemical transmitters

have NT receptors

Conduct signals between neurons

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18
Q

space between adjacent brain cells

A

Gap Junctions

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19
Q

Gap junctions connect

A

the cytoplasm of two cells, allowing electrical signals and small molecules to pass through

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20
Q

how many NT’s are there?

A

over 100

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21
Q

what are 2 classes of small molecule NT’s?

A

Amino Acids

Monoamines

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22
Q

Name 3 amino acids

A

glutamate

aspartate

glycine

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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23
Q

how do we make glutamate, aspartate and glycine?

A

Dietary consumption

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24
Q

How is GABA produced?

A

We modify glutamate

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25
Q

The most common excitatory NT in mammalian CNS?

A

glutamate

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26
Q

The most common inhibitory NT in mammalian CNS?

A

Yo GABA GABA!!!

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27
Q

monoamines are released

A

into the extracellular fluid

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28
Q

Neurons that release norepinephrine are

A

noradrenergic

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29
Q

Neurons that release epinephrine are

A

adrenergic

30
Q

acetylcholine is present at

A

neuromuscular junctions

31
Q

Endocannabinoids are made

A

from fatty compounds in the cell membrane

32
Q

Dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin and Norepinephrine are

A

monoamines

33
Q

name 3 neuropeptide types

A

pituitary
hypothalmic
Brain gut
Opioid
miscellaneous

34
Q

drugs that facilitate NT effects are

A

agonists

35
Q

drugs that inhibit NT effects are

A

antagonists

36
Q

opium binds to mostly

A

receptors in the cerebral aqueduct (connects 3-4 ventricles)

37
Q

endorphins are

A

endogenous opioids that bind to metabotropic receptors

38
Q

Otto Loewi showed what?

A

that nerve impulses affect cardiac action thru chemical transmission

39
Q

Henry Dale proposed that

A

acetylcholine is an endogenous chemical that transmits ANS signals

40
Q

a chemical that is released from the axon terminal of one neuron that either depolarizes or hyperpolarizes a nearby Post-synaptic Neuron

A

Neurotransmitter

41
Q

a chemical that is released from a neuron and alters the activity of a population of neurons (usually into intracellular fluid)

A

Neuromodulator

42
Q

Name 3 defining features of NT’s

A

Present in presynaptic neuron (has enzymes and precursors to synthesize the NT, or take up from nearby cellular release)

Activity dependant (let out by presynaptic neuron when an AP hits the axon terminal)

Action at Postsynaptic receptors
(receptors for the NT must exist on the Postsynaptic membrane)

43
Q

Neurotransmitters act between

A

neurons Ex or INH, ionotropic receptors

44
Q

Neuromodulators act

A

diffusely across many neurons
Metabotropic receptors

45
Q

Cash rules?

A

everything around me, CREAM get the money, dolla dolla bills ya’ll.

46
Q

serotonin, dop, histamine and AcH are all technically

A

Neuromodulators

47
Q

Estradiol is a ___ and acts by

A

neuromodulator and modulating synaptic transmission and neuroplasticity

48
Q

primary female sex steroid?

A

Estradiol

49
Q

An excitatory NT in the CNS for learning, memory. Ionic and metabotropic receptors

A

Glutamate

50
Q

Ionic and Meta receptors, Inhibitory NT in the CNS
Mood/learning/memory
sleep.wake

A

GABA

51
Q

Major NT at the neuromuscular junction, stim of muscle contraction

A

AcH

52
Q

parkinsons is a result of

A

degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia

53
Q

Meta receptors, learning, reward, motivation

A

Dopamine (DA)

54
Q

most common NT in the SNS?

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

55
Q

learning, mood, memory, pain, 5-HT

A

Serotonin

56
Q

stress response, meta receptors, alert, pain, memory

A

Histamine

57
Q

Agonists do what?

A

bind and activate a receptor

58
Q

Antagonists do what?

A

bind and block receptors

59
Q

Agonists can come from?

A

Endogenous, plant and or synthetic sources

60
Q

Injection of (scopolamine)
selective AcH receptor antagonist did what in rats?

A

inhibited spatial learning/memory formation for the morris water maze

61
Q

what are used to treat cognitive symptoms of alzheimers?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

62
Q

Parkinsons comes from a lack of what?

A

DA in brain

63
Q

treatment mechanism for parkinsons?

A

Levodopa, it crosses the BBB and is converted by neurons into DA

64
Q

Schizophrenia is caused by an overabundance of ____ , in the _____ and ____ regions

A

DA
in pre-frontal and mesolimbic areas

65
Q

schizoid symptoms are commonly treated with

A

anti-psychotics that antagonize DA receptors

66
Q

an imbalance of mutliple monoamines in the brain can cause

A

Depression

67
Q

Treatment for anxiety?

A

SSRIs and SNRIs or benzos

68
Q

imbalance between EX and INhib neurotransmission may manifest as?

A

epilepsy

69
Q
A
70
Q
A

Brain and Behaviour 1 (8 decks)

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