Anatomy of the NS Flashcards
NS outside skull and spine?
Peripheral
Peripheral NS contains
Autonomic and Somatic NS
What does the Autonomic NS do?
Breathing, regs internal enviro
Afferent nerves that carry sensory signals from organs to the CNS AND efferent nerves from the CNS to organs
What does the Somatic NS do?
Composed of afferent nerves that carries motor signals to the CNS AND efferent nerves from CNS to the skeletal muscles
A in Afferent stands for
Advance (to cns)
E in efferent stands for
Exit (the CNS)
Sympathetic is
stress/fight or flight) AND ANS nerves from the L and T spine
Parasympathetic is
Rest and Digest
AND
ANS nerves from the cortex and the Sacral region
what do Sym and Para have in common?
Both are two stage neural paths
part way from the CSN, they synapse into 2nd stage neurons.
(symp does this much earlier)
Para aims to
maintain homeostasis
Symp aim to
stimulate, organized and mobilize energy resources
Each autonomic NS organ
is receiving push/pull signals from the the Para and sym
Most nerves of the Peripheral….
start in the spinal cord
which P-nerves don’t start in the spinal cord?
Cranial nerves
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
the Auto motor fibres of the Cranial nerves are
parasympathetic
meninges are
the 3 layers of the brain
The 3 layers that cover the brain are
The Dura Mater (tough mother)
The arachnoid (fluid filled web that cushions)
The Pia Mater (pious mother)
What is under the Fine Arachnoid Membrane?
The subarachnoid space (large blood vessels and Cerebrospinal Fluid)
Where is CS-fluid found?
The subarachnoid
the central canna of the spinal cord
Cerebral Ventricles
The 4 large chambers of the brain are
the Cerebral Ventricles
Name the Cerebral Ventricles
Two lateral
3rd
4th
Name the areas that comprise the CSF fluid reservoir
SubArch
Central Canal
Lateral Ventricles
3rd and 4th Ventricles
What does the Cerebral Aquaduct do?
Connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
Why do so many brain regions sound like they’re from LOTR?
Because nerds….
;)
“Aqueduct of Sylvius”
Where is CSF produced?
The Choroid Plexus (network of capillaries from the pia mater to the ventricles)
the Brain Blood Barrier is comprised of
cells with tightly packed blood vessel walls
what is the function of the BBB?
To block proteins and other large molecules fro entering the brain from the circulatory system
The neural effects of drugs depends on how easily
they cross the BBB
Efferent Nerves..
carry signals away from a structure, like the CNS
the ANS nerves that project from the T and L spine are part of the
sympathetic NS
Neurons
receive, conduct and transmit electrochemical signals
Gaps between myelin on axons
Nodes of Ranvier (rahn-vee-ay)
fatty substance covering axons
myelin
Dendrites
receive contact from other neurons
cone-shaped area where axon and cell body meet
axon hillock
gaps between neurons
synapses
Cytoplasm
clear, internal cellular fluid that provides a suspension medium for organelles and free-floating molecules.
folded membranes in the cell body (with ribosomes or not)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Internal cell structures where proteins are synthesized
Ribosomes
connected system of membranes that package molecules in vesicles
Golgi complex
part of the cell that holds DNA
Nucleus
Mitochondria
power station of cell, consumes O2
Fast transport of Molecules through a neuron is done by
microtubules
storage location for neurotransmitters
Synaptic vesicles
molecules released by some active neurons to communicate with others
Neurotransmitters
How Many High-Fives are you getting lately?
https://www.instagram.com/p/C3VqPtNRrv1/?hl=en
Gaps between myelin buttons
We ride at dawn to the Nodes Of Ranvier!
Folded membranes in cells, help synth proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The neuron cell membrane has a
Lipid Bilayer
Channel proteins
channels that open up and allow some molecules to pass in and out
Signal proteins
send a signal inside of the neuron when particular molecules bind to them
How many types of neurons are there? Name those motherfuckers!
4
Multi-polar (more than two dendrites)
Unipolar
Bipolar
Interneurons
Most neurons are
Multi polar
A neuron with one or none axons that integrates neural action in a single brain structure is
an interneuron
Cells in the CNS are called
nuclei
cells in the PNS are called
ganglia
bundles of axons in the CNS are called
tracts
bundles of axons in the PNS are called
Nerves
what is the ratio of glia to neuron in the brain?
2:3
G to the N
Glia are pretty diverse
Name two dem bitches?
Microglia (small, respond to injury)
Astrocytes (largest, contact with neurons, interact with blood vessels)
Oligodendrocytes (extensions wrap around CNS axons, myelin sheathed)
Schwann Cells (in the PNS, each one is a myelin segment. Only one that guides axonal regen after damage.
What are 3 things that Astrocytes do?
Exchange chem signals with neurons, control BBB, respond to TBI, cognition, regulate cell death, sends memes to ex-gf’s
How many kinds of astrocytes are there?
15
What is a fundamental difference between Golgi and Nissel stains?
Being able to see the # of cells
Which neuroanatomical tracing technique would I use to trace the path of Axon projection?
Retrograde
Which neuroanatomical tracing technique would I use to trace axons leaving cell bodies?
Anterograde
Anterior is towards
the nose
Posterior is towards the
tail
Dorsal is
surface of back or top of head
ventral is
chest of bottom of heaad
medial is
towards midline of body
lateral is
away from midline to body sides
Anterior-Posterior
nose to tail
dorsal ventral
top of head to bottom of head (back to chest)
Medial lateral
(midline to sides of body)
What are the 3 brain planes?
HOR (divides top and bottom )
Frontal (divides front back)
Sagital (divides left and right)
cutting the brain is
sectioning
Cutting DOWN thru the brain and dividing hemisphere is a
Mid-sagital section
Soma is
cell body
what do golgi complexes do?
package membranes
what do synaptic vesicles do?
store neurostransmitters
the largest glia cells are?
Astrocytes!!!!
What is the role of oligodendrocytes?
Myelination up that CNS!
Grey matter is
cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons
White matter is largely comprised of?
Myelinated Axons
name the two types of horns in the spinal cord?
dorsal and ventral
Dorsal horn has ___ fibers
Ventral horn has___ fibers
Afferent
Efferent
How many spinal nerves in a human?
62
Efferent ventral neurons of the somatic NS project to
skeletal muscles
efferent ventral neurons of the autonomic NS eventually connect to the
internal organs
the neural tube forms at
22 days post conception
What are the 5 swellings of the brain?
Hint: T on top and then alphabetized.
Telencephalon (Ceb-hemis)
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon (medulla)
large furrows in the cerebral cortex are___
Small are____
fissures
sucli
Ridges in the cerebral cortex are
Gyri
the Cerebral cortex is almost split in half by the
longitudinal fissure
the largest CC tract is the
corpus callosum
Limbic means
ring
name 5 major structures of the limbic system
the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, fornix, septum, mammillary body, and cingulate cortex
Parkinson’s is associated with degen of
pathway from substantia nigra to the striatum
What did Zacharius Janssen invent?
the microscope
What is the neuron doctrine?
NS is made up of individual cells, supported by astrocytes and other glial cells
Who proposed the neuron doctrine?
Ramón Cajal
What are 3 differences in the neuron structure of rats who were raised in the standard/impoverished and enriched conditions?
cortex thickness
Corpus Callosum thicker
more dendrite branching and dendritic spine density
more axons
J.P. Rushton is an asshole because?
He’s a racist who pushed for eugenics and tried to link brain size to intelligence
