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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Questionnaire strengths

A

Less time consuming
Administered to large groups of people at once
Cost effective method and easily made anonymous so is ethical (leads to honest and valid answers)

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2
Q

Questionnaire limitations

A

Limited sample of participants
Response rates may be low or only a certain type of person responds (response bias)
Findings wouldn’t be generalisable

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3
Q

Structured interview strengths

A

Standardised
Same Qs used for all
Easy to analyse/ replicate to check results for consistency
Focus will be maintained

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4
Q

Structured interview weaknesses

A

Can be restrictive
No follow up Qs can be asked
Can be frustrating or lower validity as can’t fully express feelings

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5
Q

Unstructured interview strengths

A

Not restrictive
Follow up Qs allowed/expand on points
Fully explores interesting issues that arise
Higher in validity

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6
Q

Unstructured interview limitations

A

Not standardised
Different Qs used for all
Difficult to analyse and replicate
Focus may be lost

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7
Q

Interview (overall) strengths

A

Enables researchers to investigate things not directly observable
Useful to psychologists

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8
Q

Interview (overall) limitations

A

Subjective
Opinion based and qualitative data
Lowers validity and reliability/hard to replicate

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9
Q

Open question strengths

A

Qualitative data which is high in detail
Opportunity to talk freely and express opinions and thoughts
Rich in detail so more useful
Qs not restrictive

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10
Q

Open question limitations

A

Qualitative data is difficult to analyse
All answer question in different way
Difficult to compare answers
Data is subjective

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11
Q

Closed question strengths

A

Quantitative date is easy to analyse
Eg yes no
Easy to compare answers
Data is objective

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12
Q

Closed question limitations

A

Quantitative data lacks detail
Eg yes but doesn’t expand
Less useful results
Qs are restrictive

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13
Q

Correlation strengths

A

Useful to investigate relationship between two variables
Show direction and strength of relationship
Other studies can be carried out to investigate this relationship further
Doesn’t involve IV manipulation

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14
Q

Correlation limitations

A

Only shows relationship, not why variables are related
Can’t establish a cause and effect
Do not control for EVs
Only works for linear relationships

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15
Q

What is a correlation

A

Aims to assess the relationship between two variables

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16
Q

What is a correlation coefficient

A

Numerical measure of strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

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17
Q

What is content analysis?

A

Systematic method of quantifying qualitative data through the use of coding units

18
Q

Content analysis strengths

A

Little/no contact with people
Very few ethical issues involved

19
Q

Content analysis limitations

A

Little/no contact with people
Easier to misinterpret the persons thoughts and behaviour
Material analysed may be limited; may not reflect reality

20
Q

What is a case study?

A

In depth study of an individual or small group over a long period of time

21
Q

Case study strengths

A

In depth/ lots of detailed info
High validity and useful insights
Allow researchers to study events that they couldn’t ethically manipulate

22
Q

Case study limitations

A

Limited sample
Results can’t be generalised to whole population
Researchers can get too involved and lose objectivity
(Researcher bias)

23
Q

What does a null hypothesis predict?

A

Predicts no significant difference

24
Q

What does a 1 tailed/directional hypothesis predict?

A

Predicts a significant change and direction

25
Q

What does a 2 tailed/direct hypothesis predict?

A

A significant change in no specific direction

26
Q

5 sampling methods

A

Random
Volunteer
Opportunity
Stratified
Systematic

27
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Need a full list of target population names

All participants have an equal chance of selection

Need a way to select names randomly e.g. names out of a hat or random name generator

28
Q

What is volunteer sampling?

A

Researcher advertised their study e.g. a leaflet or newspaper article

Volunteers put themselves forward to be part of a sample (self selection)

29
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

When a researcher approaches people who are available at the time and willing to take part

Can happen anywhere the researcher is

30
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Researcher identifies different groups within target population (strata) and works out the proportion

Researcher then randomly selects a proportionate number of people from each strata to be in the sample

31
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Researcher has a full list of target populations names

Randomly selects the sample in specific increments e.g. every third person

32
Q

Random sampling strengths

A

Avoids researcher bias

Is usually representative of target population

33
Q

Random sampling limitations

A

May not be representative of target population

Can be time consuming and expensive to conduct as you need a full list of names

34
Q

Volunteer sampling strengths

A

Quick and easy to conduct/ requires minimal input

35
Q

Volunteer sampling limitations

A

Volunteer bias as only a certain type of person may put their name down so the sample would not be representative of target population

36
Q

Opportunity sampling strengths

A

Quick, easy and cheap

37
Q

Opportunity sampling limitations

A

Researcher bias as they directly choose sample so is unrepresentable

38
Q

Stratified sampling strengths

A

Avoids researcher bias

Very representative

39
Q

Stratified sampling limitations

A

Can be expensive and time consuming

40
Q

Systematic sampling strengths

A

Avoids researcher bias

Usually representative

41
Q

Systematic sampling limitations

A

May not be representative

Psychology (23 decks)

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