Research Methods Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Questionnaire strengths

A

Less time consuming
Administered to large groups of people at once
Cost effective method and easily made anonymous so is ethical (leads to honest and valid answers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Questionnaire limitations

A

Limited sample of participants
Response rates may be low or only a certain type of person responds (response bias)
Findings wouldn’t be generalisable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structured interview strengths

A

Standardised
Same Qs used for all
Easy to analyse/ replicate to check results for consistency
Focus will be maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Structured interview weaknesses

A

Can be restrictive
No follow up Qs can be asked
Can be frustrating or lower validity as can’t fully express feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Unstructured interview strengths

A

Not restrictive
Follow up Qs allowed/expand on points
Fully explores interesting issues that arise
Higher in validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Unstructured interview limitations

A

Not standardised
Different Qs used for all
Difficult to analyse and replicate
Focus may be lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Interview (overall) strengths

A

Enables researchers to investigate things not directly observable
Useful to psychologists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Interview (overall) limitations

A

Subjective
Opinion based and qualitative data
Lowers validity and reliability/hard to replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Open question strengths

A

Qualitative data which is high in detail
Opportunity to talk freely and express opinions and thoughts
Rich in detail so more useful
Qs not restrictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Open question limitations

A

Qualitative data is difficult to analyse
All answer question in different way
Difficult to compare answers
Data is subjective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Closed question strengths

A

Quantitative date is easy to analyse
Eg yes no
Easy to compare answers
Data is objective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Closed question limitations

A

Quantitative data lacks detail
Eg yes but doesn’t expand
Less useful results
Qs are restrictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Correlation strengths

A

Useful to investigate relationship between two variables
Show direction and strength of relationship
Other studies can be carried out to investigate this relationship further
Doesn’t involve IV manipulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Correlation limitations

A

Only shows relationship, not why variables are related
Can’t establish a cause and effect
Do not control for EVs
Only works for linear relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a correlation

A

Aims to assess the relationship between two variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a correlation coefficient

A

Numerical measure of strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is content analysis?

A

Systematic method of quantifying qualitative data through the use of coding units

18
Q

Content analysis strengths

A

Little/no contact with people
Very few ethical issues involved

19
Q

Content analysis limitations

A

Little/no contact with people
Easier to misinterpret the persons thoughts and behaviour
Material analysed may be limited; may not reflect reality

20
Q

What is a case study?

A

In depth study of an individual or small group over a long period of time

21
Q

Case study strengths

A

In depth/ lots of detailed info
High validity and useful insights
Allow researchers to study events that they couldn’t ethically manipulate

22
Q

Case study limitations

A

Limited sample
Results can’t be generalised to whole population
Researchers can get too involved and lose objectivity
(Researcher bias)

23
Q

What does a null hypothesis predict?

A

Predicts no significant difference

24
Q

What does a 1 tailed/directional hypothesis predict?

A

Predicts a significant change and direction

25
Q

What does a 2 tailed/direct hypothesis predict?

A

A significant change in no specific direction

26
Q

5 sampling methods

A

Random
Volunteer
Opportunity
Stratified
Systematic

27
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Need a full list of target population names

All participants have an equal chance of selection

Need a way to select names randomly e.g. names out of a hat or random name generator

28
Q

What is volunteer sampling?

A

Researcher advertised their study e.g. a leaflet or newspaper article

Volunteers put themselves forward to be part of a sample (self selection)

29
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

When a researcher approaches people who are available at the time and willing to take part

Can happen anywhere the researcher is

30
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Researcher identifies different groups within target population (strata) and works out the proportion

Researcher then randomly selects a proportionate number of people from each strata to be in the sample

31
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Researcher has a full list of target populations names

Randomly selects the sample in specific increments e.g. every third person

32
Q

Random sampling strengths

A

Avoids researcher bias

Is usually representative of target population

33
Q

Random sampling limitations

A

May not be representative of target population

Can be time consuming and expensive to conduct as you need a full list of names

34
Q

Volunteer sampling strengths

A

Quick and easy to conduct/ requires minimal input

35
Q

Volunteer sampling limitations

A

Volunteer bias as only a certain type of person may put their name down so the sample would not be representative of target population

36
Q

Opportunity sampling strengths

A

Quick, easy and cheap

37
Q

Opportunity sampling limitations

A

Researcher bias as they directly choose sample so is unrepresentable

38
Q

Stratified sampling strengths

A

Avoids researcher bias

Very representative

39
Q

Stratified sampling limitations

A

Can be expensive and time consuming

40
Q

Systematic sampling strengths

A

Avoids researcher bias

Usually representative

41
Q

Systematic sampling limitations

A

May not be representative