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Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Hypothesis?

Research Methods

A

Predicitions of an investigation outcome that makes specific references to the IV + DV

Research Methods

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2
Q

3 things

What makes a good hypothesis?

Research Methods

A
  • IV + DV
  • Directional or Non-directional
  • To be operationalised

Research Methods

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3
Q

Define Directional

Research Methods

A

Predict nature of the effect of the IV on the DV
(only when there is past research to suggested a direction)

Research Methods

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4
Q

Define Non-directional

Research Methods

A

IV will have an effect on the DV, direction of effect is not specified
(past research is unclear)

Research Methods

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

What is the Null Hypothesis?

Research Methods

A

A statement of no difference, no relationship between ther variables
E.G. predciting there will be no effect

Research Methods

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7
Q

Why operationalise variables?

Research Methods

A

It makes the variables measurable

Research Methods

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8
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

Research Methods

A

all variables, which are not the IV, but could affect the results of the experiment

Research Methods

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9
Q

What are some extraneous varibales

Research Methods

A
  • Situational variables
  • Participant variables
  • Demand characteristics
  • Investigator/Experimenter effects
  • Order effects
  • Social desirability
  • Placebo effect

Research Methods

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10
Q

Define Situational Variables

Research Methods

A

Factors in the enviroment that can unintentionally affect the results of a study

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11
Q

Define Participant Variables

Research Methods

A

Any characteristic of a participant’s background that could affect study results

Research Methods

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12
Q

Define Investigator/Experiemnter Effects

Research Methods

A

When an investigator uninteionally influences the outcome of any research they are conducting

Research Methods

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13
Q

Define Order Effects

Research Methods

A

When participants’ responses in the various conditions are affected by the order of conditions to which they were exposed

Research Methods

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14
Q

Define Social Desirability

Research Methods

A

The tendency for people to present themselves in different ways

Research Methods

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15
Q

Define the Placebo Effect

Research Methods

A

When your physical state changes simply because you associate something with caring and good health

Research Methods

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16
Q

What is a confounding variable?

Research Methods

A

A variable that is not the IV but does vary systematically with the IV

Research Methods

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17
Q

Define Standardisation

Research Methods

A

All aspects of the environment are standardised as much as possible

Research Methods

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18
Q

Define Single Bind

Research Methods

A

Participant is unaware of what the study is about - no knowledge of what to expect from the outcome

Research Methods

19
Q

Define Double Bind

Research Methods

A

Participant is unaware of what the study is about + an external experiemnter conducts the experiemnt who doesn’t know the aim

Research Methods

20
Q

Define Random Allocation

Research Methods

A

Randomly allocate participants to each conditions of the IV

Research Methods

21
Q

Define Counterbalancing

Research Methods

A

Change up the orderof conditions for each participant
Half do condition 1 + Other condition 2 first

Research Methods

22
Q

What are the types of experiements?

Experiements

A
  • Lab Studies
  • Field Studies
  • Natural Studies
  • Quasi Studies

Experiements

23
Q

Define Lab Studies

Experiments

A
  • Well-controlled environment
  • Standardised procedure
  • Participants - Random allocation

Experiements

24
Q

Advantages of Lab Studies

Experiment

A
  • Very reliable
  • Replicable
  • Easy to control
  • More ethical (usually)
  • Scientific credibility

Experiment

25
Q

Disadvantages of Lab Studies

Experiments

A
  • Ecological validity - no a ‘normal’ environment
  • Over simplified?
  • Demand characteristics

Experiments

26
Q

Define Field Studies

Experiments

A
  • Takes place outside the lab
  • Natural environment
  • Basic scientific procedures are still followed

Experiments

27
Q

Advantages of Field Studies

Experiments

A
  • Better ecological validity
  • No demand characteristics

Experiments

28
Q

Disadvantages of Field Studies

Experiments

A
  • Ethical issues - often not informed consent
  • Not as replicable

Experiments

29
Q

Define Natural Studies

Experiment

A
  • Natural environment of the participants
  • IV not being changed on purpose
  • No control over the IV

Experiment

30
Q

Advantages of Natural Studies

Experiments

A
  • Ethics - allows research with vulnerable groups without causing any harm to participants
  • Ecological validity
  • No demand characteristics

Experiments

31
Q

Disadvantages of Natural Studies

Experiments

A
  • Can’t control extraneous variables
  • Difficult to replicate

Experiments

32
Q

Define Quasi Studies

Experiment

A
  • IV cannot be randomly assigned
  • An innate characteristics of participants involved
  • Normally done in a lab, don’t have to be

Experiment

33
Q

Advantages of Quasi Studies

Experiments

A
  • Reliable and replicable
  • Easy to control
  • More ethical (usually)
  • Scientific credibility

Experiments

34
Q

Disadvantages of Quasi Studies

Experiments

A
  • Can’t be randomly allocate participants into conditions
  • Participants variables are a problem as they can’t be controlled

Experiments

35
Q

What was the Bickeman Study?

Experiments

A
  • Field study
  • Public shopping centre

Experiments

36
Q

What was the Milgram study?

Experiments

A
  • Lab study
  • Lab - Yale University

Experiments

37
Q

What was the Watching TV study?

Experiments

A
  • Natural study
  • Home

Experiments

38
Q

What was the Kids and Gender study?

Experiments

A
  • Quasi study
  • Classroom

Experiments

39
Q

What is Qualitative Data?

Observations

A

Quality, rich, detailed info

Observations

40
Q

What is Quantitative Data?

Observations

A

Numbers and quantities

Observations

41
Q

What is Primary Research?

Observations

A

Collected by the researcher themselves

Observations

42
Q

What is Secondary Research?

Observations

A

Collected by other researchers

Observations

43
Q
A

Psychology (8 decks)

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