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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Final outcome

What is the aim in order to treat phobias?

Treating Phobias

A
  • To teach a new response to the phobic stimulus
  • Achieved by counter-conditioning
  • Based on the theory of reciprocal inhibition (one emotion counteracts the other)

Treating Phobias

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2
Q

Gradual and Straight In

What are the 2 methods to treat phobias?

Treating Phobias

A
  • Systematic Desensitisation
  • Flooding

Treating Phobias

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3
Q

Gradual

Explain Systematic Desensitisation

Treating Phobias

A
  1. Anxiety hierarchy - client + therapist work together, rank phobic situations from least to most terrifying
  2. Relaxation training - individual is taught relaxation techniques
  3. Gradual exposure - patient starts at bottom of the hierarchy and gradually goes up in levels

Treating Phobias

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4
Q

SODA

What are the strengths of systematic desensitisation?

Treating Phobias

A

+ Supporting Evidence - effectiveness; Gilroy et al (2007)
+ Ethics - considered more acceptable by patients

Treating Phobias

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5
Q

What are the weaknesses of systematic desensitisation?

Treating Phobias

A
  • Works best for phobias of objects or animals

Treating Phobias

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6
Q

Straight in

Explain Flooding

Treating Phobias

A
  • Exposes individual to the anxiety - inducing stimulus immediately
  • Works = Person is unable to avoid (negatively reinforce) their phobia + through continuous exposure, anxiety eventually decrease
  • Extinction will soon occur since fear is a time - limited response
  • Exhaustion sets in they may begin to feel calm

Treating Phobias

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7
Q

Money

What is a strength of Flooding?

Treating Phobias

A

Economic consideration - cost-effective treatments

Treating Phobias

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8
Q

GRAVE + certain phobias

Whate are weaknesses of Flooding?

Treating Phobias

A
  • Ethical considerations - highly traumatic
  • Criticisms of method - limited to simple specific phobias

Treating Phobias

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9
Q

What is the cognitive triangle?

Explaining Depression

A
  • Thoughts - Feelings - Behaviour
  • Result of ‘faulty thinking’ - based on ‘cognitive primacy’ thoughts
  • Focus on an individual’s negative thoughts, irrational beliefs

Explaining Depression

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10
Q

What are the 2 explanations?

Explaining Depression

A

*Beck - Negative self schemas/cognitive triad
*Ellis - ABC Model

Explaining Depression

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11
Q

Negative

What is Beck’s explanation?

Explaining Depression

A
  • People are vulnerable to developing depression - faulty cognitions
    1. Faulty information processing (cognitive distortions/biases)
    2. Negative self-shemas
    3. Negative cognitive triad

Explaining Depression

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12
Q

Negative views

What is the negative triad?

Explaining Depression

A

Negative views of the world - Negative views about one’s self - Negative views about the future

Explaining Depression

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13
Q

Grazioli and Terry

Evaluate Beck’s explanation

Explaining Depression

A

AO3 - Supporting evidence
Grazioli and Terry (2000)
* Longitudinal Study - 65 women (3rd trimester + 6 weeks after birth)
* Women assessed as having increased cognitive vulnerability at time 1 were more likely to develop post partum depression.

Explaining Depression

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14
Q

What is Ellis’s explanation?

Explaining Depression

A

ABC Model
* Activating event - pass friend + they ignore your hello
* Beliefs - interpretation of the event (rational/irrational)
* Consequences - Rational /Irrational belief = Healthy/Unhealthy outcome

Explaining Depression

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15
Q

Evaluate Ellis’s explanation

Explaining Depression

A
  • Patient control - tend to have better outcomes
  • Some depressions are reactive, some are not + appear to come from within

Explaining Depression

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16
Q

What is Mowrer (1947) model?

Explaining Phobias

A

2 Process model of phobias
* Acquisition by classical conditioning
* Maintenance by operant conditioning

Explaining Phobias

17
Q

What is the 2 process model - Acquisition?

Explaining Phobias

A
  • Learn to associate something we do not fear - neutral stimulus
  • Something triggers a fear response - unconditioned stimulus
  • Association forms
  • Once neutral stimulus is now a conditioned stimulus
  • Causes a response of fear - conditioned stimulus

Explaining Phobias

18
Q

What is the 2 process model - Maintenance?

Explaining Phobias

A
  • Classical conditioning rules suggest that continued exposure to CS without the UCS would result in ‘extinction’ of the association
  • Operant conditioning
  • Phobias are negatively reinforced
  • Avoidance of the phobic stimulus (CS) reduces the person’s feelings of anxiety
  • Individual is likely to repeat this behaviour (avoidance) in the future + maintain their phobia

Explaining Phobias

19
Q

Evaluate the 2 process model

Explaining Phobias

A

A03
* Supporting evidence - Little Albert
BUT a criticism of this research is there is no maintenance and can’t generalise
* Application to theory - Many treatments are based on these principles + are successful for many people (systematic desensitisation + flooding)
* Criticisms - doesn’t account for roles of cognition, CBT has been argued to be a more effective therapy
* Different explanation - biological preparedness

Explaining Phobias

20
Q

What is CBT?

Treating Depression

A

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
* Most popular type of treatment
* Combination of cognitive and behaviourism

Treating Depression

21
Q

What is the cognitive element of CBT?

Treating Depression

A

Aims to identify irrational and negative thoughts then to replace thoughts with more positive and rational ones

Treating Depression

22
Q

What is the behavioural element of CBT?

Treating Depression

A

Encourages patients to test their beliefs through behavioural experiements - to investigate the reality of beliefs as well as practice to begin to form habits

Treating Depression

23
Q

What is the CBT Process?

Treating Depression

A
  1. Initial assessment
  2. Goal setting
  3. Identifying + challenging negative/irraional thoughts:
    a) Either using Beck’s cognitive therapy OR
    b) Ellis’s REBT
  4. Homework

Treating Depression

24
Q

What is Beck’s approach to negative thoughts?

Treating Depression

A
  • Identify negative thoughts linked to negative triad
  • Work together to challenge these with evidence against them
  • Patient reality tests these including through homework with the ‘patient as scientist’
  • Eventually client sees thoughts are irrational if there is no evidence for them

Treating Depression

25
Q

What is Ellis’s approach to negative thoughts?

Treating Depression

A
  • REBT (Rational Emotional Behavioural Therapy)
  • Builds on the ABC model
  • D - Dispute/Disrupt the belief system
  • E - Effect

Treating Depression

26
Q
A

Psychology (8 decks)

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