Memory

Question 1

Define Memory

Memory

Answer 1

Ability to retain knowledge and retrieve information

Memory

Question 2

Define Short Term Memory

Memory

Answer 2

Information in held for a short period of time for immediate use

Memory

Question 3

Define Long Term Memory

Memory

Answer 3

Information is stored so that we can retrieve it at a later point

Memory

Question 4

Define Capacity

Memory

Answer 4

The amount of information that can be held in a memory store at any one time

Memory

Question 5

Define Duration

Memory

Answer 5

The length of time that memories can be held for

Memory

Question 6

Define Encoding

Memory

Answer 6

The way information is represented in a memory store e.g. acoustic/echoic

Memory

Question 7

What is the first step to creating a memory?

Memory

Answer 7

Taking in visual information (light waves) and auditory information (sound waves)

Memory

Question 8

What is an example of STM?

Short Term Memory

Answer 8

Trying to remember a phone number for a few seconds

Short Term Memory

Question 9

What is the capacity for STM?

Short Term Memory

Answer 9

Limited to 7+/-2 items e.g 9.3 digits and 7.3 letters

Short Term Memory

Question 10

What is the duration for STM?

Short Term Memory

Answer 10

Limited to 18 seconds without rehearsal (30 with)

Short Term Memory

Question 11

What is encoding in STM?

Short Term Memory

Answer 11

Acoustic (discovered by Baddely 1966)

Short Term Memory

Question 12

What is an example of LTM?

Long Term Memory

Answer 12

Childhood memories

Long Term Memory

Question 13

What is capacity of LTM?

Long Term Memory

Answer 13

Potentially unlimited

Long Term Memory

Question 14

What is the duration of LTM?

Long Term Memory

Answer 14

Potentially unlimited

Long Term Memory

Question 15

What is encoding of LTM?

Long Term Memory

Answer 15

Semantic (also Baddely 1966)

Long Term Memory

Question 16

What is the aim of Baddely 1966?

KEY STUDY - ENCODING

Answer 16

To compare how information is encoded in short and long term memory

KEY STUDY - ENCODING

Question 17

What was the procedure in Baddeley’s study?

Answer 17

Presented groups of participants with sets of words to recall

Question 18

What were the groups in Baddeley’s study?

Answer 18

Group 1 - Acoustically similar words (e.g. cat, cab, can)
Group 2 - Acoustically dissimilar words (e.g. pit, few, cow)
Group 3 - Semantically similar words (e.g. large, huge, big)
Group 4 - Semantically dissimilar words (e.g. good, huge, hot)

Question 19

What are the two types of Cue-Dependent Forgetting?

Forgetting : Retrieval Failure

Answer 19

1. Cues are linked meaningful to the info to be remembered e.g. mnemonic techniques
2. Cues are not linked meaningful to the info to be remembered

Forgetting : Retrieval Failure

Question 20

What do external cues encode?

Forgetting : Retrieval Failure

Answer 20

Context

Forgetting : Retrieval Failure

Question 21

What do internal cues encode?

Forgetting : Retrieval Failure

Answer 21

State

Forgetting : Retrieval Failure

Question 22

Tulving 1983 reviewed research into retrieval failure which identifies a pattern. What is this called?

Forgetting : Retrieval Failure

Answer 22

The Encoding Sufficiency Principle (ESP)

Forgetting : Retrieval Failure

Question 23

What is ESP?

Forgetting : Retrieval Failure

Answer 23

ESP = if a cue is to help us recall information, it-
has to be present at encoding (when we learn the material) and at retrieval (when we recall information)

Forgetting : Retrieval Failure

Question 24

Godden and Baddeley, 1975

Answer 24

18 divers from a diving club were asked to learn lists of 36 unrelated words of two or three syllables.

Question 25

What were the 4 conditions of the Godden and Badeley study?

Answer 25

A. Underwater recall Dry
B. Underwater recall Wet
C. Dry recall Wet
D. Dry recall Dry

Question 26

Results from Godden and Baddeley’s Study

Answer 26

Learn on beach + recalled on beach - 13.5✅
Learn on beach + recalled underwater - 8.6❌
Learn underwater + recalled on beach - 8.5❌
Learn Underwater + recalled underwater - 11.4✅

Question 27

What was Godden and Baddeley’s conclusion?

Answer 27

Results shown context acted as a cue to recall as the participants recalled more words when they learnt + recalled the words in the same environment than when they learnt + recalled the words in different environments

Question 28

Evaluate Godden and Baddeley’s Study

Answer 28

+ Controlled experiment - Replicable and reliability can be tested
- Mundane Realism - task was artificial
- Groups learnt + recalled in different environments were disrupted - influence?

Question 29

What was the aim of Carter + Carter (1998)?

Answer 29

Investigate the effect of internal state on recall

Question 30

Carter + Cassaday Procedure

Answer 30

100 undergraduate students given an antihistamine on first day, other half given placebo.
15 mins after, subjects were given 2 mins to study 20 words
Next day - Participants were given the antihistamine/ placebo.
Tested again on their recall of the 20 words

Question 31

Carter + Cassaday Findings

Answer 31

There was a mismatch between internal state when learning and recalling, performance was significantly worse.

Question 32

Carter + Cassaday Conclusion

Answer 32

When cues are absent there is more forgetting

Question 33

Goodwin Et al (1969) procedure

Answer 33

48 male medical students participated in day 1 in a training session and on day 2 in a testing.

Question 34

What were the random groups assigned in Goodwin et al (1969)

Answer 34

1. (SS) Sober both days
2. (AA) Intoxicated both days
3. (AS) Intoxicated on day 1 and Sober on day 2
4. (SA) Sober on day 1 and Intoxicated on day 2

Question 35

Goodwin et al (1969) - What 4 tests did the participants have to perform?

Answer 35

1. Avoidance task
2. Verbal rote-learning task
3. Word-association test
4. Picture recognition task

Question 36

Goodwin et al (1969) Findings

Answer 36

More errors were made on day 2 in the As and Sa conditions, however not the case for face recognition test. SS participants performed best in all tests.

Question 37

Goodwin et al (1969) Conclusion

Answer 37

Supports state-dependent memory theory as performance was best in the participants who were sober or intoxicated on both days.

Question 38

Evaluation Basics of Goodwin et al (1969)

Answer 38

1. Demand characteristics
2. Ecological validity
3. Control of variables
4. Reliability
5. Ethics

Question 39

Evaluate Goodwin et al (1969)

Answer 39

+ High validity - loads of supporting evidence
+ Real-life applications - used as a strategy to improve recall in eye-witness memory when witnesses are asked to describe context of incident they have witnessed took place during cognitive interviews
- Cannot test ESP

Question 40

Define Eye Witness Testimony

Answer 40

Account witnesses tell the police about an incident they have seen so it is more accurate to refer to etiquettes memory rather than eyewitness testimony when we study how accurate their recall is.

Question 41

3 stages eyewitness memories go through…

Answer 41

1. Witness ENCODES LTM details of event + person involved
2. Witness RETAINS info for a period of time
3. Witnesses RETRIEVES memory from storage to give their testimony

Question 42

Define misleading information

Answer 42

Incorrect info given to the eye witness (usually after event)

Question 43

2 major forms of misleading information

Answer 43

1. Leading questions
2. Post-event discussion

Question 44

Define leading questions

Answer 44

A question phrased in such a way as to suggest a certain answer e.g. “was the knife in the accused’s lefts hand?

Question 45

Why do leading questions affect EWT?

Answer 45

Response Bias and Substitution Bias

Question 46

Define Response Bias

Answer 46

Wording of a question has no enduring effect on an eyewieness memory of an event, but influences the kind of answer given

Question 47

Define Substitution Bias

Answer 47

Wording of a question does affect eyewitness memory: it interferes with its original memory, distorting accuracy

Question 48

KEY STUDY - Loftus and Palmer (1974)

Answer 48

45 participants shown footage of a car accident. Changed language in questions to make them leading. Asked participants to fire speed that the cars were travelling in different conditions.