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psychology year 1 > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the aim

A

.General statement about purpose of experiment
.Aim leads to hypothesis

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2
Q

How do you write the aim

A

always begin with ‘to investigate’

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3
Q

What are the two types of variables

A

Independent variable (IV)
Dependent variable (DV)

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4
Q

Definition of the IV and the DV

A

IV= The one you manipulate/change
Dv= The one you measure

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5
Q

What are the conditions/levels of the IV

A

The IV has two levels
-Control condition (no item)
-Experimenter condition
Needed to make a comparison to get a conclusion

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6
Q

What is the hypothesis

A

scientific statement of prediction

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7
Q

How can you write a hypothesis

A
  1. IV and DV variables included

2.written as a statement

  1. needs to be operationalized
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8
Q

What are the two types of hypothesis

A

. null hypothesis
. Alternative hypothesis

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9
Q

what is a Null hypothesis

A

.States there will be no difference between finding before and after experiment with the variables
.These are made to be proven wrong
.Example= alcohol doesn’t affect driving ability

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10
Q

what is an alternative hypothesis

A

.Opposite to null hypothesis
.Predict there will be difference in findings before and after experiment
.Example=alcohol does affect driving

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11
Q

What are the two types of alternative hypothesis

A

.Directional (one tailed)
.Non-Directional (two tailed)

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12
Q

What is a directional hypothesis

A

.Higher/Lower
.Positive/Negative
Someone has done this experiment before

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13
Q

What is a non-directional hypothesis

A

Will say there is a difference but doesn’t say if it is higher or lower

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14
Q

what is operationalizing

A

making the variables clear and measurable

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15
Q

what is an extraneous variable

A

factor which affects the IV and is not intentionally included in the experiment (is extra to the IV)

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16
Q

why is it important to control extraneous variables

A

as they may affect the conclusion if not controlled

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17
Q

What is the difference between a extraneous variables and confounding variables

A

.extraneous variables can be controlled/removed
.confounding variables have already affected the experiments conclusion

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18
Q

what are the types of extraneous variables

A
  1. Experimenter variables
  2. Situational variables
  3. Participant variables
  4. Demand characteristics
19
Q

what are experimenter variables (examples)

A

factors from the experimenter which affect the experiment
-Gender of the experimenter
-Tone of voice
-Body language

20
Q

What are situational variables (examples)

A

outside influences on experiment E.G
-Heat
-Lighting
-Time of daylight

.Order of conditions (order effects)

21
Q

what are participant variables (examples)

A

Differences between the participants
.Age
.Gender
.Intelligence
.Personality

22
Q

What are demand characteristics (examples)

A

subjects pick up on the experiments objective and change behavior accordingly.
.Order of conditions
.Participants reactivity-please you/screw you

23
Q

what is order effects

A

participants complete all conditions of the IV and may get bored/practice which makes the results inaccurate

24
Q

what is order conditions and participant reactivity

A

Order of conditions- Doing both tasks can make them figure out what aim is
Participant Reactivity- Changing behavior because you are aware you are being watched (social desirability)

25
Q

control experimenter extraneous variables

A

-Randomization- If reading from list randomize the list order so experimenter doesn’t have bias for words
-Double blind procedure- Neither experimenter/ participants know true aim of experiment

26
Q

control situational extraneous variables

A

-Standardized procedure- everyone subjected to same conditions, experience and info.
-Can control order effects by doing counter balancing (ABBA)

27
Q

What is ABBA

A

AB-50% Doing task A first then task B
BA-50% Doing task B first then task A

28
Q

control participant extraneous variables

A

Sample- large/random selection to gain a representative sample.

Experimental design-matched pairs or repeated measure design.

Randomly allocated- all participants name/number. Alternate names/numbers going to different conditions of the IV

29
Q

How do you control demand characteristics

A

Counter balance- ABBA
Placebo- hide stuff about experiment (whether they were a control or not)
Secret- Participants unaware of truth experiment (single blind procedure)

30
Q

what is a laboratory experiment

A

.Done in controlled environment (scientific)
.IV is manipulated

31
Q

What is a field experiment

A

.Done in natural environment
.IV is manipulated (still in natural environment)
.ppts may be unaware they are being observed

32
Q

what is a natural experiment

A

.Done in natural environment
.IV not manipulated (unethical/impractical)
.IV is naturally occurring

Robber shot and witnesses asked to recall incident. IV is anxiety and DV is recall. Anxiety is naturally occurring

33
Q

what is a Quasi experiment

A

.IV is not manipulated (already exists in a person)
e.g. age, gender intelligence

Split brain patients

34
Q

Strengths of a laboratory experiment

A

.Highly controlled
.Reliability
.Participants aware of experiment
.Control over extraneous variables

35
Q

weakness of a laboratory experiment

A

.Social desirability
.Decreased ecological validity and mundane realism

36
Q

Strengths of a field experiment

A

.High in ecological validity

37
Q

weaknesses of a field experiment

A

.Less control over extraneous variables
.Less ethical
.Less reliability

38
Q

Strengths of a natural experiment

A

.Study real problems
.Research things which would otherwise be unethical/impractical to replicate

39
Q

Strengths of a quasi experiment

A

.Study predetermined characteristics

40
Q

Weaknesses of a natural and quasi experiment
(they share similar ones)

A

.No relationship established as IV is not manipulated
.Confounding variables cannot be control as no random allocation
.Lack cause and effect

41
Q

Mundane realism?

A

extent to which procedures and material in experiment is similar to real life

42
Q

Ecological validly?

A

Extent finding can be generalised to every day events

43
Q

what is relaibility and validity

A

Validity is the truthfulness and the accuracy
Reliability is the consistency

psychology year 1 (11 decks)

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