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Psychology A2 > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What three things does research need to consider?

A
  • Data
  • Design
  • Difference
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2
Q

What are the four levels of measurement?

A
  • Nominal: Discrete categories
  • Ordinal: Related categories
  • Interval: Subdivided categories
  • Ratio: Proportional categories
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3
Q

What are two design types?

A
  • Independent Groups: Unrelated data

- Repeated Measures: Related data

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4
Q

What statistical test should be used for Independent Groups (unrelated data) with nominal data?

A

Chi-Squared (X^2)

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5
Q

What statistical test should be used for Independent Groups (unrelated data) with Ordinal data?

A

Mann-Whitney U

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6
Q

What statistical test should be used for Independent Groups (unrelated data) with Interval or Ratio data?

A

Unrelated T Test

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7
Q

What statistical test should be used for Repeated Measures (related data) with Nominal data?

A

Sign Test

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8
Q

What statistical test should be used for Repeated Measures (related data) with Ordinal data?

A

Wilcoxon’s T

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9
Q

What statistical test should be used for Repeated Measures (related data) with Interval or Ratio data?

A

Related T Test 11

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10
Q

What statistical test should be used for research with Nominal data and a correlation?

A

Chi-squared (X^2)

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11
Q

What statistical test should be used for research with Ordinal data and a correlation?

A

Spearman’s Rho (P=)

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12
Q

What statistical test should be used for research with Interval or Ratio data and a correlation?

A

Pearson’s R

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13
Q

Two new types of validity

A
  • Face Validity

- Concurrent Validity

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14
Q

Face Validity

A

whether a test, scale or measure appears to measure what it is supposed to measure ‘on the face of it’. This is done by ‘eyeballing’ the measuring instrument or passing it to an expert to check.

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15
Q

Concurrent Validity

A

Demonstrated when the results obtained are very close to, or match, those obtained on another recognised test measuring the same concept/construct. This is tested by doing a correlation between the participant scores. If it is strong and positive, it is valid.

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16
Q

How can validity be improved?

A
  • Use a control group
  • Standardise procedures and institutions
  • Use single blind or double blind procedures
17
Q

Two types of reliability

A
  • Test-retest reliability

- Interobserver reliability

18
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

used to assess reliability of questionnaires or psychological tests. Administering same test or questionnaire to same people/person on different occasions. Results obtained should be the same or similar. Two score sets are correlated on statistical test.

19
Q

Interobserver Reliability

A

Observations to be conducted by teams of at least two. Observers discuss and argue beforehand their interpretation of behaviour categories. Then watch the same event and record independently. They then correlate the data.

20
Q

What is a Type 1 Error?

A

Null hypothesis is jected and alternative is accepted, when the null is ‘true’. E.g. saying a result is significant when it is due to chance.
Often called ‘error of optimists’. Often occurs when significance level is too lenient. Likelihood of making a type 1 error is always the same as significance level.

21
Q

What is a Type 2 Error?

A

Null hypothesis is accepted but should have been rejected because the alternative is ‘true’. Often called ‘error of pessimists’. Often occurs when significance level is too stringent.

22
Q

What are the sections of a Psychological Report?

A
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Method
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References
  • Appendices
23
Q

Abstract section of a Report

A

Summary of the study including aims, hypothesis, method, results, conclusions and implications. Allows the reader to determine if the rest of the report is worth reading.

24
Q

Introduction section of a report

A
  • Review of previous relevant research
  • Should lead logically to research
  • Should be like a funnel, start general then more specific
  • Ends with researcher starting aim and hypothesis
25
Q

Method section of a report

A

Detailed description od what was done. Should be enough detail to be able to replicate. Divided into design, participants, apparatus, procedures and ethics.

26
Q

Results section of a report

A

Descriptive statistics: tables and graphs showing frequencies,measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion
Inferential statistics: calculated values,critical values, significance levels. Null hypotheis or alternative hypothesis accepted or rejected
- If qualitative, categories and themes are described with examples.

27
Q

Discussion section of a report

A
  • Summary: briefly reported in a verbal rather than statistical form
  • Relationship to previous research: compared to research in introduction
  • Strengths and weaknesses with methodolog and improvements
  • Implications for theories and possible real world applications
  • Contribution the research has made
  • Suggestions for future research
28
Q

Reference section of a report

A

Full details of any journal articles, books or websites

29
Q

Appendices section of a report

A

Any raw data and material are presented.

30
Q

Two types of Reference

A
  • Journal Reference

- Book Reference

31
Q

Journal Reference

A

Surname, Initial, Initial 2. Surname 2. (year). Title. Journal (Italic). Volume. Edition, page numbers

32
Q

Book Reference

A

Surname, Initial 1. (year). Title (Italics). Publisher. Page reference.

Psychology A2 (21 decks)

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