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Psychology A2 > Issues & Debates > Flashcards

Issues & Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two nature arguments?

A
  • Genotype

- Evolution

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2
Q

What is genotype as a nature argument?

A

Inherited genetic information determines who we are

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3
Q

What is evolution as a nature argument?

A

Adaptive pressures form from natural selection, and are behind all our characteristics.

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4
Q

What are the three nurture arguments?

A
  • Behaviourism
  • Social Learning Theory
  • Environment
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5
Q

What is Behaviourism as a nurture argument?

A

We are 100% shaped by experience

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6
Q

What is Social Learning Theory as a nurture argument?

A

Our behaviour is learned and vicariously reinforced through observation of role models

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7
Q

What is Environment as a nurture argument?

A

Our families/friends/school causes behavioural outcomes

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8
Q

Examples of nature arguments

A
  • Concordance rates
  • Neural correlates
  • Drug Therapy
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9
Q

Examples of nurture arguments

A
  • Token Economy
  • Rutter et al’s English & Romanian Attendee study
  • Flooding/Systematic Desensitisation
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10
Q

What is Holism?

A

Viewing people as individual things consisting of a ‘self’ that can only be studied in context

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11
Q

What is Reductionism?

A

Viewing people as a complex system that consists of many small parts that we should study separately

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12
Q

What are the 3 levels of explanation to the Holism/Reductionism debate?

A
  1. Socio-cultural
  2. Psychological
  3. Biological
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13
Q

What are the three types of Reductionism?

A
  • Biological
  • Environmental
  • Experimental
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14
Q

What are the three types of Holism?

A
  • Gestalt
  • Humanistic
  • Cognitive
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15
Q

What is Free Will?

A

the ability to make a meaningful choice between possible behaviours

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16
Q

What is Determinism?

A

the idea that all behaviours depend on situational factors. Behaviour is fixed before the point of action.

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17
Q

What are the three type of determinism?

A
  • Hard determinism: direct causality
  • Soft determinism: indirect causality
  • Reciprocal determinism: interactive causality
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18
Q

Which approaches are determinist?

A
  • Biological
  • Environmental
  • Psychic
  • Scientific
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19
Q

What are the two arguments of free will?

A
  • The Humanists believe in free will: responsibility achieves congruence and self worth
  • Moral responsibility, we’re personally responsible for our actions
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20
Q

What are requirements of Nomothetic designs?

A
  • Large samples
  • Numerical data
  • Comparing mean, variance, Standard Deviation etc
21
Q

What does the Law of Large Numbers state?

A

Accuracy improves with a larger sample of people, and differences get averaged out with more people.

22
Q

Features of Idiographic research

A
  • Focuses on individual and recognises uniqueness
  • Private, subjective and conscious experiences
  • Qualitative methods
23
Q

Features of Nomothetic research

A
  • Attempts to establish laws and generalisations
  • Objective knowledge through scientific methods
  • Quantitative methods
24
Q

Nomothetic in topics

A
  • Childhood Development: Bowlby’s MAternal Deprivation Theory
  • Memory: Case studies on how memory is affected by brain damage (Idiographic complemented)
25
Q

Idiographic in topics

A
  • Humanistic: Emphasises individual

- Psychodynamic: Use of case studies

26
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Focus on your own cultural beliefs and ignoring any cultural differences

27
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

Concepts are bound to the culture in which they emerged

28
Q

Alpha Bias (culture)

A

Exaggerating cultural differences e.g. Van Ijzendoorn et Al

29
Q

Beta Bias (culture)

A

Ignoring cultural differences, assuming cultures have the same norms

30
Q

What are the four stages in the research process at which ethical issues can occur

A
  • The research question
  • Conduct of research
  • Institutional context
  • Interpretation & Applications of findings
31
Q

What ethical issues did Sieber & Stanley (1988) add?

A
  • Valid Methodology
  • Equitable Treatment
  • Scientific Freedom
  • Ownership of Data
  • Values
  • Risk/Benefit Ratio
32
Q

Valid Methodology as an Ethical Consideration

A

Scientists may be aware of problems caused by poor methodology but the media and the public may not be. Poor studies may therefore end up shaping important social policy to the detriment of those groups represented by the research.

33
Q

Equitable Treatment as an Ethical Consideration

A

All participants must be treated in an equitable manner and resources which are vital to the participants wellbeing are not withheld from one group whilst available to another.

34
Q

Scientific Freedom as an Ethical Consideration

A

Scientist has a duty to engage in research but at the same time has an obligation not to harm participants as well as institutions in society.

35
Q

Ownership of Data as an Ethical Consideration

A

Some of the problems with determining ownership, involve the sponsorship of data and its public accessibility

36
Q

Values as an Ethical Consideration

A

Psychologists differ in their orientation towards subjective and more objective approaches. Sensitive issues arise when there is a clash in values between the scientist and the recipient of the research

37
Q

Risk/Benefit Ratio as an Ethical Consideration

A

Risks or costs should be minimised, but problems arise in determining risks as well as benefits.

38
Q

What is Androcentrism?

A

PSychology is male dominated both in terms researchers and participant. Their research might only represent a male world view.

39
Q

What is an Alpha Gender Bias?

A

Exaggerated gender biases (Freud, due to historical context)

40
Q

What is Beta Gender Bias?

A

Ignoring gender differences, assuming male results will apply to females

41
Q

How and why did Freud’s theory show an Alpha Bias in terms of Gender?

A
  • Said female sense of morality is inferior to the males as she does not experience castration anxiety
  • Femininity is an expression of ‘failed masculinity’
  • ‘Female vanity’ is a defense mechanism that women use to make up for their sexual inferiority
42
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

A

Focus on your own cultural beliefs and ignoring any cultural differences

43
Q

What is Cultural Relativism?

A

Concepts are bound to the culture in which they emerged

44
Q

What is Alpha Culture Bias?

A

Exaggerating cultural differences e.g. Ijzendoorn et al

45
Q

What is Beta Culture Bias?

A

Ignoring cultural differences, assuming all cultures have the same norms

46
Q

Inability to separate Nature and Nurture as an evaluation of Nature and Nurture

A

P- Nature and nurture cannot be separated
E - Hebb said that trying to separate them is pointless as they both contribute.
E - E.g. Phenylketonuria is a disorder that prevents a certain amino acid, causing brain damage. If it is detected at birth, the baby can be given a diet that avoids this amino acid and avoids brain damage.
L - Things may appear to be just one but can be manipulated by the other which shows separating them to be reductionist as it doesn’t consider that either can still be affected by the other even if its initially caused by one

47
Q

Lack of Consideration of Epigenetics as an evaluation of Nature and Nurture

A

P - Debate doesn’t consider epigenetics
E- Epigenetics refers to the material in each cell of your body that acts like a ‘switch’. Life experiences control these switches and they are also passed through generations
E - E.g. two twins may produce children who would differ in weight even though they have identical diets bc of epigenetic material they inherited which derived from environmental effects
L - Shows nature arguments to be reductionist as it doesn’t consider that some genes can be influenced by the environment and therefore be a product of nurture as well as nature

48
Q

Oversimplification as an evaluation of Holism vs Reductionism

A

P - Reductionist thinking results in oversimplified explanations
E - E.g. the biological approach focuses on genes and hormones as causes of mental illness, but ignores social context. The point at which a behaviour becomes clinical is determined by functional impairments not the hormone levels of genotype
E - Biological approach alone cannot be used to explain psychological disorders; instead a more eclectic approach is necessary
L - This is evidenced by the success of multidisciplinary treatment which combines psychological and drug therapies to better effect than one alone

49
Q

Interactionism as an evaluation of Holism vs Reductionism

A

P - Rather than one, it is better to look at an interactionist approach
E - Holists look at a higher level of explanation, and reductionists only consider small contribution factors. An interactionist approach looks at how all levels of explanation link together and influence each other
E - E.g. the diathesis-stress model. Biological factors create a vulnerability which is triggered by environmental factors. Tarrier et al showed combining psychological and biological treatments produced significantly lower relapse rates for SZ
L - Combining reductionist explanations can help us to piece together a ‘holistic’ overall picture that answers more questions. In modern psychology, it’s considered the best solution to H/R debate

Psychology A2 (21 decks)

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