Approaches A2 Flashcards
What does the Humanist Approach believe about other approaches?
All other approaches are reductionist, deterministic and cannot explain holistic complexity of human behaviour.
Who theorised the Hierarchy of Need?
Maslow (1943)
What are the stages of the Hierarchy of Need?
- Physiological Needs
- Safety Needs
- Love/Belonging Needs
- Self Esteem Needs
- Self Actualisation
Physiological Needs
Breathing, Food, Sleep, Clothing, Shelter etc
Safety Needs
Security of resources, employment, family, health
Love/Belonging Needs
Friendship, Family, Sexual Intimacy
Self Esteem Needs
Achievement, Respect of Others
Self Actualisation
Morality, Creativity, Lack of Prejudice, Spirituality, Problem Solving
Ideal Self
Yourself in two years time, successful in everything and with all ideal qualities
Self-Concept
Yourself right now from another’s perspective and what they say and think about you
Who created Client-Centered Therapy?
Rogers
What does Rogers’ Client-Centered Therapy involve?
Sees how many of ‘ideal self’ and ‘self concept’ words are the same and marking them 1.
For the others, if you know how to get there and believe you could do it, mark it 2.
More one’s = Self Esteem
More two’s = Self Efficacy
What did Rogers’ say happiness was determined by?
Congruence between Ideal Self and Self Concept
What are Conditions of Worth?
Some parents set unrealistic Conditions of Worth instead of Unconditional Positive Regard.
It’s believed UPR is missing in childhood for many mental health issues.
Therapists in Client-Based Therapy provide clients with Genuity, Empathy and UPR
What do Humanists believe about Free Will?
We are ‘Active Agents’ in our own destiny and have the power to determine our own development.
What is the Unconscious Mind?
A part of your brain that is inaccessible to conscious thought. A part you can’t interact with, along with the preconscious mind.
What metaphor was used to represent the conscious, preconscious and unconscious mind?
The Iceberg Metaphor
Three Drives
Id, Ego, Superego
Id
Responsible for pleasure, selfishness, fear, anger, lust
Ego
Responsible for reality, logic, balance, compromise, reason
Supergo
Responsible for morality, guilt, conscience
What is a Defence Mechanism?
A response to stopping harmful thoughts/memories from becoming conscious, where we can perceive them.
Who theorised the majority of the Psychodynamic Approach?
Freud
Three Examples of Defense Mechanisms
Repression: bottling it up
Denial: Pretending there’s no problem
Displacement: taking it out on another
Strength of Humanistic Psychology
- Real World Applications
Weaknesses of Humanistic Psychology
- Evidence very thin
- Unrealistic view
Describe Lack of Evidence as an evaluation of Humanistic Psychology
- Hierarchy of Need has very little evidence. This is to be expected of a theory that heavily criticises empirical evidence
- Some validity provided by clinical data from management studies (Rogers & Roethlisberger 1982)
- Despite this, cultural bias concerns are raised as these values may only be a feature of Western cultures.
Describe Unrealistic View as an evaluation of Humanistic Psychology
- Critics argue that it is unrealistic as a view of human nature and point to more sinister aspects of human behaviour.
- It’s argued the approach focuses on ‘growth orientated’’ behaviour whilst ignoring an individual’s capacity for self destruction.
- This is an idea that is acknowledged far better by the Psychodynamic Approach through the ideas of Id, Ego and Superego
- Focus on self-development ignores any situational factors and is therefore too reductionist and deterministic
Describe Applications as an evaluation of Humanistic Psychology
- Humanistic psychology has had a big influence on counselling. Contemporary therapists use Roger’s ideas of self worth and help clients work towards self-awareness.
- It’s impossible to imagine modern client-centered therapy without the insights from Humanistic Psychology
- Shows the humanistic theory to be a useful theory with real-world applications that provide it with strong external validity
