Research Methods Flashcards
Null Hypothesis
Ho:
Alternative Hypothesis
Ha:
Correlation
Correlation measures the relationship or association between two variables.
The value of correlation is from -1 to +1.
-1 and +1 represent perfect negative and positive relationships.
T or F: Correlation equals causation
False. Correlation does NOT equal causation
For the purposes of this class what are we using that measures correlation?
Rho
Strong correlation
+/- .70 or higher
Moderate correlation
+/- . 36- .69
Weak Correlation
+/- .35 or lower
Cross-sectional approach
Compares different age groups at the same time on a variety of dependent variables.
Longitudinal approach
Studies same group over long period of time
Occurs when a commonly aged group of people in research indirectly affect results due to their common age-related influences.
Characteristics attributable to a person’s time of birth, era, or generation but not to actual age.
Cohort effect
What p value is statistically significant?
p < .05 or less
Standardized Test
A test with uniform procedures for administration and scoring. Many standardized tests allow a person’s performance to be compared with the performance of other individuals.
Independent variable (IV)
variable that’s manipulated
Dependent variable (DV)
variable that’s affected by manipulation (measured)
Control variables
variables (i.e., factors, elements) that researchers seek to keep constant when conducting research.
Operationalizing DV
Come up w/ way to count or measure the DV
Difference between correlational study and experiment
An experiment involves the manipulation of variables, while a correlational study does not.
Descriptive data research
Observing and measuring without manipulating variables. It can identify characteristics, trends and correlations.
__________ is mostly conducted with the intention of gaining a better understanding of the study population. On the other hand, __________ focuses on finding whether a relationship exists between two or more factors (variables) and also focuses on the nature of the relationship.
Descriptive research
Correlational research
A research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time.
Cross sectional approach
A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.
Longitudinal approach
Combines cross sectional and longitudinal approace
Sequential approach
(Stanford prison study)
Recruited males 18-25
prisoners/ guards
Zimbardo study
Study researching how much someone would harm another based on being told to do so
Milgram obedience study
the process of using a random process to select the experimental sample from the population to ensure that the selected sample is representative of the whole population..
Random sampling
the process of using a random process to assign sample participants to either the experimental group or the control group to ensure that both groups are representative of the whole population
Randomization
the process of group sample participants so that each group has similar representation of the whole population. This is accomplished by having participants match every descriptive characteristic used in the research study.
Matching
________ study design: different people test each condition
Between Groups
________ study design: the same person tests all the conditions
Within Groups
Use of an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is.
Ethnic Gloss
the likelihood of the null hypothesis being true
probability or P-value
