Research Methods

Question 1

Null Hypothesis

Answer 1

Ho:

Question 2

Alternative Hypothesis

Answer 2

Ha:

Question 3

Correlation

Answer 3

Correlation measures the relationship or association between two variables.

The value of correlation is from -1 to +1.

-1 and +1 represent perfect negative and positive relationships.

Question 4

T or F: Correlation equals causation

Answer 4

False. Correlation does NOT equal causation

Question 5

For the purposes of this class what are we using that measures correlation?

Answer 5

Rho

Question 6

Strong correlation

Answer 6

+/- .70 or higher

Question 7

Moderate correlation

Answer 7

+/- . 36- .69

Question 8

Weak Correlation

Answer 8

+/- .35 or lower

Question 9

Cross-sectional approach

Answer 9

Compares different age groups at the same time on a variety of dependent variables.

Question 10

Longitudinal approach

Answer 10

Studies same group over long period of time

Question 11

Occurs when a commonly aged group of people in research indirectly affect results due to their common age-related influences.

Characteristics attributable to a person’s time of birth, era, or generation but not to actual age.

Answer 11

Cohort effect

Question 12

What p value is statistically significant?

Answer 12

p < .05 or less

Question 13

Standardized Test

Answer 13

A test with uniform procedures for administration and scoring. Many standardized tests allow a person’s performance to be compared with the performance of other individuals.

Question 14

Independent variable (IV)

Answer 14

variable that’s manipulated

Question 15

Dependent variable (DV)

Answer 15

variable that’s affected by manipulation (measured)

Question 16

Control variables

Answer 16

variables (i.e., factors, elements) that researchers seek to keep constant when conducting research.

Question 17

Operationalizing DV

Answer 17

Come up w/ way to count or measure the DV

Question 18

Difference between correlational study and experiment

Answer 18

An experiment involves the manipulation of variables, while a correlational study does not.

Question 19

Descriptive data research

Answer 19

Observing and measuring without manipulating variables. It can identify characteristics, trends and correlations.

Question 20

__________ is mostly conducted with the intention of gaining a better understanding of the study population. On the other hand, __________ focuses on finding whether a relationship exists between two or more factors (variables) and also focuses on the nature of the relationship.

Answer 20

Descriptive research

Correlational research

Question 21

A research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time.

Answer 21

Cross sectional approach

Question 22

A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.

Answer 22

Longitudinal approach

Question 23

Combines cross sectional and longitudinal approace

Answer 23

Sequential approach

Question 24

(Stanford prison study)
Recruited males 18-25
prisoners/ guards

Answer 24

Zimbardo study

Question 25

Study researching how much someone would harm another based on being told to do so

Answer 25

Milgram obedience study

Question 26

the process of using a random process to select the experimental sample from the population to ensure that the selected sample is representative of the whole population..

Answer 26

Random sampling

Question 27

the process of using a random process to assign sample participants to either the experimental group or the control group to ensure that both groups are representative of the whole population

Answer 27

Randomization

Question 28

the process of group sample participants so that each group has similar representation of the whole population. This is accomplished by having participants match every descriptive characteristic used in the research study.

Answer 28

Matching

Question 29

________ study design: different people test each condition

Answer 29

Between Groups

Question 30

________ study design: the same person tests all the conditions

Answer 30

Within Groups

Question 31

Use of an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is.

Answer 31

Ethnic Gloss

Question 32

the likelihood of the null hypothesis being true

Answer 32

probability or P-value