Cognitive Development

Question 1

Who’s idea was it that children construct their world as a result of both experience and mental maturity.

Knowledge about the world grows in stages that parallel our mental growth.

Answer 1

Piaget’s Idea

Question 2

What 2 categories did Piaget divide education into?

Answer 2

1) Passive education

2) Active education

Question 3

Passive education relies on ________.

Answer 3

Memory

Question 4

Active education relies on ________.

Answer 4

Intelligence, understanding & discovery

Question 5

What was Piaget’s view on education?

Answer 5

Education is too passive (relying on memory). It should be more active (relying on intelligence, understanding, and discovery).

Question 6

How did Piaget describe knowledge as a process; not a state?

Answer 6

• The child’s knowledge of the world changes as his
  cognitive system develops.
• Knowledge is biased!
• Everyone has their own reality.

Question 7

T or F? Piaget’s thinking was deeply routed in biology?

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What quality did mollusks have that Piaget thought the same principles would apply to human thought?

Answer 8

Mollusks adjusted themselves to their environment and actively assimilated in ways that were allowed by their biological structure.

Question 9

Piaget defined Intelligence as ________.

Answer 9

an adaptation to the environment.

Question 10

Piaget called cognitive development a ______.

Answer 10

mental embryology.

Question 11

T or F? Piaget was a structuralist.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Structuralism is _____

Answer 12

The breaking down of mental processes into their most basic components.

-an early school of thought

Question 13

Piaget’s methodology:

Answer 13

semi-clinical interview.

Question 14

What was Piaget’s approach with his semi-clinical interview?

Answer 14

Ask a question – not interested if the child gets the question “right”, but is more interested in the child’s reasoning.

Question 15

T or F?

According to Piaget the thinking of younger versus older children has similar elements.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

How did the similar elements of thinking in younger versus older children operate differently?

Answer 16

These elements are combined in different ways to form the organized whole or thought.

This progression goes through a series of stages.

Question 17

What is a period of time in which a child’s thinking and behavior in a variety of situations reflect a particular type of understanding or underlying mental structure?

A structured whole in a state of equilibrium.

Answer 17

A Stage

Question 18

Elements of a stage theory.

Answer 18

Qualitative versus quantitative changes that occur within each stage.

Question 19

Qualitative changes

Answer 19

Changes like type or kind.
QUALITY
Ex: emergent reader to full reader.

Question 20

Quantitative changes

Answer 20

changes in degree, amount, speed, efficiency,
Quantity - as in can be measured.
Like the # of vocabulary words

Question 21

Sociocentric

Answer 21

Able to take the perspective of others

Question 22

Piaget referred to egocentrism as ________.

Answer 22

The hidden side of the mind

Question 23

In Piaget’s theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

A mental image or pattern of action; a form of organizing information that a person uses to interpret the things they see, hear, smell, and touch; organization,

e.g. in the same way a desk organizer files supplies.

Answer 23

Schema or schemes

Question 24

assimilation

Answer 24

children use existing schemes to incorporate new information.

Ex: Calling a plane a bird. Or all men Daddy

Question 25

accommodation

Answer 25

Incorporating new experiences into existing schemes.

Ex: Now being able to differentiate between a bird and plane.

Question 26

A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next.

Answer 26

equilibration

Question 27

Cognitive conflict. Inconsistencies and counter examples to one’s existing scheme

Answer 27

Disequilibrium

Question 28

An internal search for _______ creates motivation for change in order to have consistency in one’s schemes.

Answer 28

Equilibrium

Question 29

Grouping isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order, more smoothly functioning cognitive system.

Answer 29

organization

Question 30

the Piaget processes that work together to guide development.

Answer 30

Schemes
Assimilation & Accomodation
Organization
Equilibration & Stages of Development

Question 31

The first of Piaget’s stages, which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) with physical, motoric actions.

Answer 31

sensorimotor stage

Question 32

understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched.

Answer 32

object permanence

Question 33

object permanence happens during what stage

Answer 33

sensorimotor

Question 34

The second Piagetian developmental stage, which lasts from about 2 to 7 years of age; children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings.

Answer 34

preoperational stage

Question 35

The first substage of preoperational thought, occurring roughly between the ages of 2 and 4. In this substage, the young child gains the ability to represent mentally an object that is not present.

Answer 35

symbolic function substage (of Preoperational)

Question 36

The inability to distinguish between one’s own and someone else’s perspective; an important feature of preoperational thought.

Piaget’s term that one believes everybody sees the world in exactly the same way that they do.

Answer 36

egocentrism

Question 37

A facet of preoperational thought—the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.

Answer 37

animism

Question 38

The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age. Children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions.

Answer 38

intuitive thought substage (of Preoperational)

Question 39

Reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they had done only physically.

Answer 39

operations

Question 40

Focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others is called _______.

Which stage does this occur in?

Answer 40

centration (preoperational)

Question 41

The awareness that altering the appearance of an object or a substance does not change its basic properties is called _________.

Which stage has a lack of this?

Answer 41

conservation (preoperational)

Question 42

The third Piagetian stage, which lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age; children can perform concrete operations, and logical reasoning replaces intuitive reasoning as long as the reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples.

Answer 42

concrete operational stage

Question 43

The concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length).

Answer 43

seriation

Question 44

The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.

Piaget argued this is characteristic of concrete operational thought.

Answer 44

transitivity

Question 45

Child using sounds or movement (symbols) like vroom vroom to communicate a car

According to Piaget, the ______ ________ is a representational ability that emerges when the child is about 18 months old. It is a unified capacity that enables the child to represent an object or an event that is not present (a signified) by means of another object that is present (a signifier).

Answer 45

semiotic function

Question 46

Classification

Answer 46

An important skill within concrete operational stage. classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelationships.

Ex: Family Tree / Dad can also be an Uncle, brother, son and grandfather

Question 47

cognitive ability to develop hypotheses about ways to solve problems and can systematically deduce which is the best path to follow in solving the problem.

Answer 47

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Question 48

The heightened self-consciousness of adolescents, which is reflected in adolescents’ beliefs that others are as interested in them as they are themselves, and in adolescents’ sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility.

Answer 48

adolescent egocentrism (David Elkind)

Question 49

That aspect of adolescent egocentrism that involves feeling that one is the center of attention and sensing that one is on stage.

Answer 49

imaginary audience (David Elkind)

Question 50

The part of adolescent egocentrism that involves an adolescent’s sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility.

Answer 50

personal fable (David Elkind)

Question 51

Like Piaget, Vygotsky emphasized that children actively construct their knowledge and understanding. How do their theories differ?

Answer 51

Piaget - interaction w/ physical world

Vygotsky - social interaction

Question 52

Vygotsky’s term for tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be mastered with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children.

Answer 52

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 53

In cognitive development, a term Vygotsky used to describe the changing level of support over the course of a teaching session, with the more-skilled person adjusting guidance to fit the child’s current performance level.

Answer 53

scaffolding

Question 54

T or F?

Dialogue is an important tool of scaffolding in the zone of proximal devleopment

Answer 54

True