Learning + Memory / Conditioning Flashcards
UCS (unconditioned stimulus) leads to
UCR
NS stands for
Neutral Stimulus
Something that happens without any learning is called _____.
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
NS + UCS leads to
CS (the NS becomes the CS)
CS leads to
CR
Elimination of conditioned response is referred to as ________
Extinction
Conditioned responses reignited much faster after a period of extinction is called ________
Spontaneous Recovery
Associating things that are similar to the conditioned stimulus which then trigger the conditioned response just like the CS is called ________
Generalization
An ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and other, similar stimuli that don’t signal an unconditioned stimulus is referred to as ________
Discrimination
T or F?
Biology makes a difference in classical conditioning.
True
Fear of an animal vs an inanimate object
Unfamiliar taste followed by delayed illness results in:
avoidance
Familiar taste & unfamiliar shape followed by delayed illness results in:
no avoidance
Behaviors are selected by their consequences. Behaviors that have good consequences are repeated. Behaviors that have bad consequences are not repeated.
Thorndike’s Law of effect
The Dangers of Punishment
- Reinforcing to the punisher
- Generalized inhibiting effect
- We dislike the punisher
What about teaching?
- The criticism trap
- The use of aversives
- B. F. Skinner’s view: Positively reinforce desired behaviors; punishment last resort.
B. F. Skinner’s view on reinforcement/punishment
Positively reinforce desired behaviors; punishment last resort.
T or F?
physical discipline was positively related to externalizing behaviors for white children, but not black children
True
Why?
Warmth might be a protective factor
Lower SES: use more ____ discipline strategies.
harsh
T or F?
Higher SES: more restrictive and controlling in their parenting behavior.
False
Higher SES: LESS restrictive and controlling in their parenting behavior.
Higher SES: more likely to emphasize ____ & ____
independence and achievement.
A variant of operant conditioning. Instead of waiting for a subject to exhibit a desired behavior, any behavior leading to the target behavior is rewarded.
Shaping
In operant conditioning, ________ refers to responding only to the specific stimulus and not to similar stimuli.
discrimination
Stimulus ________ in classical conditioning refers to the capacity of a stimulus other than the conditioned stimulus to evoke a CR.
generalization
In operant conditioning, stimulus ________ explains how we can learn something in one situation and apply it to other similar situations.
generalization
Extinguished response reappears after a period of non-exposure to CS
Spontaneous Recovery
Gradual weakening and disappearance of a Conditioned Response
Extinction
An operant conditioning technique in which a complex behavioral sequence is learned.
Chaining
Findings of Bandura’s Bobo study
1) Children exposed to aggressive model were more likel to be aggressive
2) Boys were 3 x’s more likely to replicate physical violence
3) Verbal aggression was the same for boys and girls
When people fail at a goal repeatedly and eventually stop trying to succeed:
Learned Helplessness
________ is the process of recognizing and challenging pessimistic thoughts in order to develop more positive behaviors.
Learned optimism
Retention of information over time.
Memory
Getting information into memory
Encoding
How information is maintained in memory
Retaining information over time
Storage
Memory without conscious recollection—memory of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically.
Implicit memory
Conscious memory of facts and experiences.
Explicit memory
Mental frameworks that organize concepts and information; affects encoding and retrieval
Schemas
People construct and reconstruct memories; mold to fit information already existing in mind
Schema Theory
Females are better than males at ______ & ______ memories
episodic & emotion-linked
T or F?
Females are better than males at processing information elaborately and in more detail.
True
Males are better than females at using ________ for memory.
Schemas
T or F?
Infants can remember perceptual motor information
True
Why does explicit memory improve in infancy?
maturation of the hippocampus and surrounding cerebral cortex especially frontal lobes
The inability to remember little if anything from the first three years of life is called ________.
Infantile Amnesia
Due to immaturity of prefrontal lobes
A relatively permanent and unlimited type of memory.
long-term memory
Retention of information for up to 15 to 30 seconds, without rehearsal of the information.
short-term memory
T or F?
Using rehearsal, individuals can keep the information in short-term memory longer.
True
T or F?
Using rehearsal, individuals can keep the information in short-term memory longer.
True
Memory improving Strategy of Repetition that is better for short term memory is called _______
Rehearsal
Organizing (memory strategy) works by:
Making information relevant
Creating mental images for verbal information
Imagery
Engaging in more extensive processing of information. Use of examples; self referencing
Elaboration
A mental “workbench” where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.
working memory
Involves the use of mental activities to improve the processing of information
Strategies
What are some strategies to remember information and
improve memory?
Rehearsal
Organizing
Imagery (mental images)
Elaboration
Retention of information about the where and when of life’s happenings.
episodic memory
A person’s knowledge about the world, including fields of expertise, general academic knowledge, and “everyday knowledge” about meanings of words, names of famous individuals, important places, and common things.
semantic memory
The ability to remember where something was learned.
source memory
Remembering to do something in the future.
prospective memory
T or F?
Prospective memory improves with age.
False
Prospective memory declines with age.
(depends on nature of task and what is being studied)
T or F?
Working memory & processing speed are linked to aging, reading and math achievement
True
working memory performance peaks at age ____ and declines at age ____
45 / 57
T or F?
working memory decline affects only new information
False
working memory decline affects both new and old information
T or F?
Processing speed declines in late adulthood and is linked to a decline in working memory
True
personal recollection of events and facts
autobiographical memory
adults remember more from 2nd and 3rd decade of their life than any other decade
reminiscence bump
Conscious/Declarative memory is known as
Explicit memory
Explicit memory can be subdivided into ______ & _____ memory
episodic & semantic
Implicit memory is sometimes referred to as:
procedural memory
routine skills and procedures performed automatically (unconscious memory) is called:
implicit memory
ex: driving car, riding bike
________ is a form of implicit memory, whereby classification or identification of a stimulus is improved by prior presentation of the same stimulus.
repetition priming
she gave example of having words flashed on a computer screen and then having to complete sentences with missing words
who has better episodic memory?
younger adults
Older adults take to _____ retrieve semantic memory
longer
but they can eventually retrieve it
temporary inability to remember something, followed by feeling that it’s out of reach
tip-of-the-tongue
Implicit memory is typically (more/less) likely to be aversely affected by aging than explicit memory
less
A significant component of the engagement model of cognitive organization that emphasizes how intellectual and social engagement can buffer age related declines in intellectual assessment.
Use it or lose it
T or F?
Cognitive training/ retraining in older adults can improve some cognitive skills
True
T or F?
There is no loss of plasticity in late adulthood
False
There is some loss of plasticity in late adulthood
T or F?
Cognitive training/ retraining in older adults can maintain fluid intelligence in advancing age
True
Knowing about knowing is called:
metacognition
An individuals knowledge about memory
metamemory
Developmental changes in metacognition
- age 2-3 = awareness of emotions, perceptions and desires
- age 5 = learn realization of false beliefs
- age 7 = deepening appreciation of the mind itself
- middle & late childhood : mind seen as active constructor of knowledge.
- adolescence: realize ambivalent feelings exist
Metamemory is _______ in children
limited
improves by age 11-12
T or F?
metacognition
adolescence are more likely than children to effectively manage and monitor thinking
True
middle aged adults have accumulated a great deal of ______
metacognitive knowledge
T or F?
Older adults tend to underestimate memory problems they experience on a daily basis
False
Older adults tend to overestimate memory problems they experience on a daily basis
