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CAFS HSC > RESEARCH METHODOLOGY > Flashcards

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of research?

A

The purpose of research is to advance knowledge, increase understanding, educate others and inform practise.

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2
Q

What is a research question?

A

A question that asks wether a relationship exists between variables in a particular population.

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3
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis stipulates or predicts that a relationship among or between at least two variables in a given population exists.

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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of a hypothesis?

A

When a researcher proves wrong their own hypothesis they may be tempted to change their original hypothesis.

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5
Q

What does a sample research cover and what are its positives and negatives?

A

Covers a cross-section of a census population

  • Time efficient
  • Limited funding
  • Limited access to all peoples of a population

Depending on what method of sampling is chosen it may provide bias or inaccurate results.

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6
Q

What are the five types of sampling?

A 
Random sample
Systematic random sample
Stratified random sample
Cluster sample
Convenience sampling
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7
Q

What is random sampling?

A

All participants have an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

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8
Q

What is systematic random sampling?

A

Obtained by choosing a number at random and following the pattern to chose all participants.

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9
Q

What is stratified random sampling?

A

The population is divided into categories (such as gender) and a random selection occurs in each category or strata.

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10
Q

What is a cluster sample?

A

A selection of participants are selected within a cluster, or a whole certain cluster is chosen randomly.

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11
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

Participants are selected due to their availability or the relationship between the researcher and the participant.
This method has the lowest credibility.

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12
Q

What is a sample group?

A

The specific population chosen based on the hypothesis or question.

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13
Q

What is a sample size?

A

Sample size refers to the number of participants that are actually selected for the research study.

20-30 people

(Equal to two interviews, one case study or two/three observations)

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14
Q

What are the four types of data?

A

Primary, secondary, qualitative and quantitative.

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15
Q

What is primary data?

A

Data sourced by the immediate researcher.

Can be expensive to conduct.

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16
Q

What is secondary data?

A

Data conducted by an external research for a different project, though can be used to back up the results found in the primary data.
Readily available, low cost. Can not produce its own conclusion without the primary data.

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17
Q

Define qualitative data.

A

Subjective data that comes from research collecting facts regarding beliefs, feelings, attitudes and opinions.

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18
Q

Define quantitative data.

A

Objective data that comes from research that collects facts in the form of numerical data. Counted, measured and graphed.

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19
Q

What are six types of primary data?

A

Structured interview, unstructured interview, observation, questionnaires, surveys, case studies, experiments.

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20
Q

What are the advantages to qualitative data?

A

Provides words and images to help the intended audience understand the why and how of a situation while also giving examples to fill in details.

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21
Q

What are the advantages to quantitative data?

A

Outlines the ‘what’. Is objective and reliable, subject to less bias.

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22
Q

What types of primary data examples are qualitative?

A

Observations, interviews, focus groups, case studies.

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23
Q

What types of primary data examples are quantitative?

A

Questionnaires, surveys, experiments.

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24
Q

What are the two sources of data?

A

Primary- individuals and groups

Secondary- print and digital

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25
Q

In relevance to analysing secondary data, what is Authority?

A

The authors credentials, reputable, sources properly cited.

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26
Q

In relevance to analysing secondary data, what is Accuracy?

A

Well written text, correct spelling and grammar. Accurate data.

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27
Q

In relevance to analysing secondary data, what is Currency?

A

When was the source published, how long ago. Updated?

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28
Q

In relevance to analysing secondary data, what is Purpose?

A

What was the purpose of the information, objective or factual? Does it state an opinion. Who is the intended audience.

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29
Q

In relevance to analysing secondary data, what is Relevance?

A

Is the source relevant to topic, does it provide further information or back up data?

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30
Q

What is Reliability?

A

If it were conducted under the same conditions would the results be the same? High repeatability.

Refers to the consistency of measurement.

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31
Q

What is Validity?

A

Properly sourced data using a suitable research method. Multiples sources.

Refers to measurement that accurately reflects what it was intended to measure.

32
Q

In terms of ethical behaviour what is Respect?

A

As voluntary participant individuals have rights and should be respected.

  • Aware of social, physical and emotional wellbeing of participant.
  • Carefully worded questions as to respect privacy and personal topics.
  • Informed consent by the participant.
  • Offer the individual the opportunity to see the final project and conclusion.
33
Q

In terms of ethical behaviour what is Integrity?

A

The interviewer must be honest and truthful, being accountable for the representation of data. Makes no changes, modifications or suppressing information.

34
Q

In terms of ethical behaviour what is Privacy?

A

Ask for permission, ask if they would prefer their name to be disclosed or not. Confidentiality and anonymity. Labelling data without names. Carefully storing data.

35
Q

In terms of ethical behaviour what is Bias?

A

The research should not influence the data by personal experience or opinion.

36
Q

Types of secondary date?

A

Textbooks, internet, journals, pamphlets, newspaper, biographies, documentaries. Presented through literature reviews.

37
Q

What are two advantages and disadvantages to literature reviews?

A

Adv

  • compare primary data with pre-existing data
  • helps gain background information of the topic

Dis

  • may lead you off topic
  • can be biased
  • invalid or un-reliable
  • time consuming
38
Q

What are two advantage and disadvantages to case studies?

A

Adv

  • More detailed information
  • Relevant to your topic
  • Based on a particular issue

Dis

  • Limited generalisations
  • Very time consuming: can take weeks, months, years.
39
Q

What is the focus of a research project and guides all stages of the research process?

A

Hypothesis or Question.

40
Q

Which sampling method provides the least accurate results?

A

Convenience sampling

41
Q

What is a sociogram?

A

A diagram that shows the relationships that exist between a group of people.

42
Q

What is quantitative research?

A

Research that is facts in a number form.

43
Q

What is a graph?

A

Picture form of data.

44
Q

What does ethics refer to?

A

The duty the researcher has to behave in a respectable way, accepted researchers and society.

45
Q 
Which of the following is not a research method?
(A) survey
(B) interview
(C) sleeping
(D) literature review
A

(C) sleeping

46
Q

Is this statement TRUE or FALSE? “Asking the right question is important because the research question determines how the research process is carried out.

A

TRUE

47
Q

TRUE or FALSE? “Bias can only occur at the beginning of the IRP”

A

FALSE - It can occur at any time.

48
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

A test run using a limited number of people from the ultimate or actual sample.

49
Q

What is the most widely used graphic presentation?

A

Tables and graphs.

50
Q

In a research project what does the introduction outline?

A

Why you have chosen the topic, your question and hypothesis and the research methods you will use.

51
Q

What is participant observation involves what?

A

The researcher taking part in the group and observing from within.

52
Q

What does a case study mean?

A

The detailed investigation relating to the hypothesis or question.

53
Q

In order to do good research it is necessary to stick to your first question and don’t change a thing. TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE. You need to continually refine your question.

54
Q

TRUE or FALSE? ‘Population is the entire group of people of things being studied’

A

TRUE

55
Q

TRUE or FALSE? ‘Primary data is the data the researcher collects first-hand on his or topic.’

A

TRUE

56
Q

TRUE or FALSE? ‘When taking notes it is a good idea to be selective and use point form that can be expanded later.’

A

TRUE

57
Q

What does a histogram show?

A

A trends or compare a number of factors.

58
Q 
Which opinion beat describe primary data?
(A) collected first-hand
(B) collected from books
(C) collected from reports
(D) from a tv documentary
A

(A) collected first-hand

59
Q

Qualitative research involves what?

A

Collecting data to provide an explanation for something.

60
Q

What is an IRP?

A

Independent Research Project

61
Q

A research proposal is what?

A

An outline of your plan or intention for your project.

62
Q

Mind maps are good because…

A

They help the researcher to organise thoughts and information.

63
Q

The sampling process is…?

A

The number of people selected to participate in a research project.

64
Q

What type of data is most likely to be collected by quantitative research methods?

A

Measurements and statistical information.

65
Q 
Data is...?
(A) information collected
(B) statistics
(C) first hand information
(D) all of the above
A

(D) all of the above.

66
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a graph?
(A) pie graph
(B) spot graph
(C) line graph
(D) cross graph
A

(D) cross graph

67
Q

Is it better to survey a large or a small amount of people and why?

A

Large as it represents more of the population.

68
Q

Name two examples of quantitative research.

A
  • experiments
  • structured and unstructured interviews
  • questionnaire
69
Q

What is secondary research?

A

Data that someone else has collected and published in a book, magazine, journal, website or in a documentary.

70
Q

What is reliability?

A

Whether or not the results of research would be the same if repeated.

71
Q

TRUE or FALSE? ‘Reliability and validity are the same’

A

FALSE

72
Q

Ethics refer to what?

A

Moral principles and standards.

73
Q

What is validity?

A

Whether or not the research has been obtained correctly.

74
Q

What does the term ‘research’ mean?

A

A process whereby information is gained about a topic of interest.

75
Q

What is the research process? (PCI)

A

Planning for research (formulating proposal/hypothesis/question + manage resources)

Conducting research (Accessing sources of data + Collecting the data + Documenting actions and issues)

Interpreting data (Presenting the findings + Analysing + Drawing conclusions)

CAFS HSC (9 decks)

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