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Research method terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

A clear, precise, testable statement that is written at the beginning of an investigation. It states the relationship between the variables being investigated.

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2
Q

Independent variable (IV)

A

Deliberately changed or varies naturally. DIfferent levels are known as conditions.

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3
Q

Dependent variable (DV)

A

Measure in the investigation. Changes in the DV should be due to changes in the IV only.

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4
Q

The null hypothesis

A

A statement of no relationship (correlation or difference) between variables.

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5
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Determining cause and effect is determined by extraneous variables (EV). These are uncontrollable variables that might interfere with the relationship between the IV and the DV.

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6
Q

The alternative hypothesis

A

States a relationship (correlation or difference) between variables. It is called alternative as in alternative to the null hypothesis.

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7
Q

Laboratory experiments

A

Defined by high level of control the researcher has over all variables in the study.

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8
Q

Field experiments

A

Defined by conducting the experiment in a natural setting.

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9
Q

Natural experiments

A

There are two levels of independent variables in natural experiments. Not doing anything and just observing behaviour. Examples are the San Francisco fentanyl crisis or Football hooliganism.

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10
Q

Strengths of labratory experiment

A

Lots of equipment to do things and readily available,clean area,more control over environment,very clinical and measured,other researchers are present

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11
Q

Weaknesses of labratory experiment

A

giving/getting consent,bias, expensive

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12
Q

Strengths of field experiments

A

More natural so people will be more natural,cheaper but effective

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13
Q

Weakness of field experiment

A

Not much control over the environment as a researcher, change of behaviour

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14
Q

Strengths of natural experiments

A

No consent so you get to see peoples raw behaviour without altering,incredibly cheap form of researc

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15
Q

Weakneses of natural experiments

A

You’re just observing and not able to ask questions so you may not get much useful data, Unpredictable-Don’t know what you’re testing for. Dangerous. Time consuming. Rare occurring event.

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16
Q

What is informed consent?

A

Participants should be told the purpose of research and that they can leave at any time

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17
Q

What is privacy?

A

Participants have the right to control information about themselves

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17
Q

What is deception?

A

Participants should not be lied to or misled about aims. Mild deception can be justified

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18
Q

What is confidentiality?

A

Personal data must be protected and respected

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19
Q

What are BSP guidlines?

A

A code of conduct all profesional psychologists in the UK must follow

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20
Q

How do you deal with informed consent?

A

Participants (guardians if they are under 18) sighn a form that tells them what is excpected.

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21
Q

How do you deal with deception and protection from harm?

A

Participants have a full debrief to explain true aims, reduce distress.

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22
Q

What is reliability?

A

A measure of consitency

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23
Q

What are quantative methods?

A

Tend to be most reliable
Labratory experiments-Controlled and easy to repeat
Interviews/questionaries:Same person should answer the same questions in the same way. Closed questions likley to be more reliable
Observations:One observer should produce same observations if repeated

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24
Q

What are qualitative methods?

A

Less reliable
case studies and unstructerd interiews-Difficultk to repeat in the same way

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25
Q

What is target population?

A

Group of people being studied

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26
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Each person has equal chance of selection. Number of target population in hat/random generator.

27
Q

What is opportutinity sampling?

A

Selecting people who are available at that moment.

28
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Selecting every nth peson from list of target population

29
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Selecting partipants in proprtion to frequency in target population?

30
Q

What is validity?

A

Whether a result is a true reflection of real-world behaviour

31
Q

What is a correlation?

A

Correlations show how thing are linked together,associasions.

32
Q

What are co-variables?

A

Correlations are quantative, continous numerical data.

33
Q

What are scatter diagrams?

A

A special graph used to plot correlation data. One co variable on the x axis and another on the y with a dot marking where they meet.

34
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

Positive correlation is when one co-variable increases as the other increases. The dots will be arranged from bottom left to top right.

35
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

Negative correlation is when one co variable increases, the other decreases. The dots will be arranged from top left to bottom right.

36
Q

What is zero correlation?

A

No correlation is when there is no relationship between the co variables. The dots show no clear pattern.

37
Q

What are strengths of scatter graphs?

A

Good starting point for research
Can be used to investigate curvilinear relationships,many uses

38
Q

What are weaknesses of scatter graphs?

A

Don’t show cause and effects
No control of EV;s so conclusion drawn may be wrong

39
Q

What is an interview?

A

A face to face, real time con tact, though also can be on phone/text

40
Q

What are structred interviews?

A

Interviewer reads list of questions.
Can habe prepared follow-up questions.

41
Q

What are unstructured interviews?

A

Some questions prepared before
New questions creaed depending on what interviewee says.

42
Q

What are semi strucutred interviews?

A

Some questions decided before but follow-up questions emerge.

43
Q

What are strengths of interviews?

A

Produce a lot of information
Insight gained into thoughts and feelings

44
Q

What are weaknesses of interviews?

A

Data can be difficult to analyse.
People may feel uncomfortable talking face to face.

45
Q

What are questionaires?

A

A prepared list of questions which can be answered in writing, over the phone, internet etc.

46
Q

What are open questions?

A

A question that does not have a fixed range of possible answers, Respondents are free to answer in any way they wish.

47
Q

What are closed questions?

A

A question with a fixed range of possible answers

48
Q

What is an independant group?

A

Different group of particpants for each for level of the IV.
Control and experimental groups.

49
Q

What are repeated measures?

A

All participants take part in all levels of the IV

50
Q

What are matched pairs?

A

Participants tested on ariables relevant to the study.
Participants then matched and one member of each pair goes in each condition.

51
Q

What is a case study?

A

An in-depth investigation of an individual,group, event or institution.

52
Q

What is a quallative method?

A

Collect information about people’s experinces in words.
May include quantative data, e.g IQ scores.

53
Q

What is an observation?

A

A researcher watches or listens to participants, and records data.

54
Q

What is a natural observation?

A

Record behaviour where it would normally occur.

55
Q

What is a controlled observation?

A

Researcher manipulates aspects of environment.

56
Q

What is a covert operation?

A

Participants are not aware behaviour is being recorded

57
Q

What is a overt operation?

A

Participants are told beforehand.

58
Q

What is quantative data?

A

Quantatites (numbers) but can measure thoughts/feelings.

59
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Data in words but can be turned into numbers by coutning themes

60
Q

What is primary data?

A

Data that has been obtained firsthand.

61
Q

What is secondary data?

A

Second hand data from other studies or government statistics.

62
Q

What are frequency tables?

A

Frequencey tables are a systematic way to organie data in rows and collumns.

63
Q

What is a histogram?

A

Continous categoires, no space between bars

64
Q

What is a bar chart?

A

Bars can be in any order

65
Q

What is a normal distribution?

A

Symetrical spread froms a bell shape with mean,median and mode at peak

psychology (9 decks)

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