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Psychology unit 1 > Research Method-experimental Method > Flashcards

Research Method-experimental Method Flashcards

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0
Q

What does experimental method mean

A

⚫️research method
➡️using random assignments of participants
➡️and the manipulation of variables
➡️to determine cause and effect

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1
Q

What does research method mean

A

The means by which explanations are tested

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2
Q

What does casualty mean

A

Cause and effect of relationships

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3
Q

What does independent variable mean

A

⚫️The factor manipulated by researchers in an investigation

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4
Q

What does dependant variable mean

A

⚫️the factor measured by researchers in an investigation

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5
Q

What does laboratory experiment mean

A

⚫️experiment conducted in a controlled environment

➡️allowing the establishment of casualty

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6
Q

What are the strengths of laboratory experiments

A

⚫️high degree of control is maintained over variables
➡️with the Iv and Dv being precisely defined and measured
➡️leading to greater accuracy of objectivity

⚫️replicated

⚫️as extraneous variables are controlled
➡️casualty is established

⚫️individual pieces of behaviours
➡️can be isolated and rigorously tested

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7
Q

What are the weakness of laboratory experiments

A

⚫️operationalising Iv and DV
➡️for accurate measurements
➡️can make them over specific
➡️so it doesn’t really related to actual behaviours

⚫️high level of control
➡️make experiment artificial
➡️so lacks ecological validity

⚫️demand characteristics

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8
Q

What does field experiment mean

A

⚫️experiment conducted in a naturalistic setting

➡️where investigator manipulates variable

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9
Q

What does natural experiment mean

A

⚫️experiment conducted in a naturalistic setting

➡️with naturally occurring IV

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10
Q

What are the strengths of field and natural experiments

A

⚫️due to real world scenario
➡️participants results relate to real life environment and behaviour
➡️making finds more able to be generalised to other settings

⚫️participants behave in a natural way
➡they’re unaware they are in an experiment
➡️so no demand characteristics

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11
Q

What are the weakness of field and natural experiments

A

⚫️casualty harder to establish
➡️less control over experimental condition

⚫️difficult to replicate
➡️as conditions will never be the same again

⚫️ethical issue of lack of informed consent
➡️as participant not aware they’re in an experiment

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12
Q

What does correlation mean

A

⚫️Investigations that measure
➡️the degree of relationship
➡️between co-variables

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13
Q

What are the strengths of correlations

A

⚫️used where manipulation of variables
➡️would be difficult or unethical

⚫️once correlation found
➡predictions can be made from this

⚫correlation show
➡strength & direction of relationship
➡️can identify patterns among variables

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14
Q

What are the weakness of correlation

A

⚫️not conducted under controlled conditions
➡doesn’t show casualties
➡️making interpretation of results difficult

⚫️other non-measured unrelated variables
➡️can influence measured co-variables
➡️making interpretation of results difficult

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15
Q

What does naturalistic observation mean

A

Recording of naturally occuring events

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of observation

A

⚫️participant observation
➡️observers actively involved in behaviour of those being studied

⚫️non-participant observation
➡️observers not actively involved in behaviour of those being studied

⚫️overt
➡️participants aware of being studied

⚫️covert
➡️participants unaware of being studied

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17
Q

What does inter-rater reliability mean

A

⚫️different observers
➡️agree upon
➡️and categorise behaviours
➡️in the same way

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18
Q

What are the strengths of observation

A

⚫️high external validity
➡️participants behave naturally
➡️results can be generalised to other settings

⚫️demand characteristics are reduced
➡️participants unaware of of being studied

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19
Q

What are the weakness of observation

A

⚫️ethical issues of invasion of privacy and informed consent
➡️as participants are unaware of being studied

⚫️difficult to replicate
➡️lack of control over variables
➡️makes testing conditions difficult to repeat exactly

⚫️practical problems, difficult
➡️for observers to remain undetected
➡️to observe and record all behaviours
➡categorise observed behaviours correctly

20
Q

What does self report mean

A

⚫️Investigation were participants
➡️give info about themselves
➡️without researcher interference

21
Q

What does questionnaires mean

A

⚫️self report methods
➡️were respondents give written answers
➡️to pre-set questions

22
Q

What are the two main types of questionnaires used

A 
⚫closed questions
➡️response options are fixed by researchers
➡️easy to quantify
➡️restrict answer
➡️yes/no

⚫️open questions
➡️participants respond to their own words
➡️harder to quantify
➡️allow greater freedom of expression

23
Q

What are the strengths of questionnaires

A

⚫️large amount of info collected
➡️in short amount of time

⚫️easy to replicate
➡️especially closed questions

⚫️researchers not acquired to be present
➡️can generalise large samples

24
Q

What are the weakness of questionnaires

A

⚫participants may give
➡️socially desirable answers

⚫️difficult to design questionnaires
➡️participant can misinterpret and misunderstand answers

⚫️low response rate
➡️often biased and unrepresentative
➡️certain types of people are more willing to complete them

25
Q

What does interviews mean

A

⚫️self report method
➡️were respondents give verbal answers
➡️to questions in face to face situations

26
Q

What are the two types of interviews

A

⚫️structured interview
➡️identical quantitative questions
➡️read to participants
➡️interviewers simply record answers

⚫unstructured interviews
➡️involve less control
➡️informal discussion of pre-determined topics
➡️allowing further investigation of interesting response

➡️interviewers need skills
➡️to establish friendly relationship
➡️to gain a lot of details 
➡️and understanding
➡️mainly qualitative data is produced

⚫️semi structured
➡️combination of structured and unstructured techniques
➡️to produce quantitative and qualitative data

27
Q

What is the strengths of interviews

A

⚫️sensitive issues can be explored
➡️especially in unstructured interview

⚫variety of interview technique
➡️analyse both quantitative and qualitative data

⚫️misunderstandings can be clarified
➡️unstructured allow interesting follow ups to be asked

28
Q

What are the weakness of interviews

A

⚫bias respondent answers
➡️through their appearance, attitude, gender

⚫️skills and training is required
➡️to conduct an unstructured interview

⚫️ethical issue of invasion of privacy
➡️interviewee are not aware of true purpose of interview
➡️can reveal more than they wish

29
Q

What does case study mean

A

In-depth investigations of one individual or small group

30
Q

What is the strength of case studies

A

⚫️more rich detail and understanding from individual
➡️than from an average gathered data

⚫️useful for theory falsification
➡️can be achieved
➡️with just one
➡️contradictory example

31
Q

What are the weakness of case studies

A

⚫unrepresentative
➡️findings cant be generalised to others

⚫️relies on participants having full and accurate memories
➡️false memory syndrome can occur
➡️where participants can recall untrue suggested events

⚫️study method is prone to research bias

32
Q

What does aim mean

A

Precise statements of why investigations are occuring

33
Q

What does hypothesis mean

A

Precise, testable research predictions

34
Q

What are the two types of hypothesis

A

⚫️experimental hypothesis
➡️predicts a difference in the DV
➡️due to a manipulation of the IV

⚫️null hypothesis
➡️predicts manipulation of IV
➡️will not affect the DV

35
Q

What are the two types of experimental hypothese

A

⚫️directional
➡predicts which direction the difference will go

⚫️non-directional
➡doesnt predict which direction it will go

36
Q

What does independent group design mean

A

⚫️experimental design
➡️where each participant performs
➡️only one condition of experiment

37
Q

What are the strength of independent group design

A

⚫️demand characteristic reduce
➡️participant only doing one condition of the experiment
➡️less likely to guess the aim of the study

⚫️no order effect
➡️different participant are used in each condition

38
Q

What are the weakness of independent groups design

A

⚫️double the participant needed than in a repeated measure design
➡️as participant only generalise on piece of data each

⚫️differences in findings between variables
➡️can be due to participant variables
➡️can be reduced by
➡️randomly allocating participants to conditions
➡️to balance out differences
➡️making each testing group similar in conditions

39
Q

What does repeated measure design mean

A

⚫️Experimental design

➡️were participants perform all conditions of an experiment

40
Q

What are the strength’s of repeated measure design

A

⚫️no participant variables
➡️each participant does all condition

⚫️half the number of participant needed
➡️than in an independent group design
➡️can generate twice as much individual data

41
Q

What are the weakness of repeated measures design

A

⚫️order effect may occur
➡addressed by counter balancing
➡️half participant do one condition first
➡️other half do other condition first

⚫demand characteristic may occur
➡️can guess aim of study

42
Q

What does matched participant design mean

A

⚫️experimental design
➡️where participants are in similar pairs
➡️one of each pair performing each condition

43
Q

What are the strengths of matched participants design

A

⚫️no order effect
➡️different participant do each condition
➡️less chance of demand characteristics

⚫️fewer participant variable than independent group design
➡️as participants are matched

44
Q

What are the weakness of matched participant design

A

⚫️lengthy process
➡️to achieve matched test
➡️by pre-testing

⚫️almost impossible to match participants on all important variables

45
Q

What does behavioural categories mean

A

➡️target behaviours
➡️divided into sub-sets
➡️through use of coding system

46
Q

What are the five important factors to consider when designing questionnaires in order to get a reasonable response

A

⚫️only ask relevant questions

⚫️keep them short
➡️as over long questions will not be completed

⚫️use successful questionnaires as guides

⚫️ask clear concise and easily understood questions

⚫initial question should be interesting
➡️to motivate people to complete

47
Q

Likert scale

A

⚫️measuring scale
➡️to measure both direction
➡and strength of attitudes

Psychology unit 1 (11 decks)

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