(1) The Multi-store Model Flashcards
What are the three separate stores in the multi-store model
- sensory memory
- short term memory
- long term memory
Who made the multi store model
Atkinson and Shifrin 1968
What are the three terms which makes each of the storage of the multi-store model different
Capacity
Duration
Encoding
What does capacity mean
The amount of information that can be stored
What does duration mean
Length of time the information can be retained
Encoding
How the information is represented in memory
Outline the multi store model
- information from the environment is received by the sensory memory
- some of this information is attended to and transferred to STM
- information in STM is lost after approx 30 sec, unless rehearsed
- if information in STM is rehearsed, creates memory trace and transfers to LTM
- at each stage information can be lost through decay
- but in STM lost through displacement
- LTM lost through retrieval failure and interference
How does the sensory memory use separate sensory stores for each sensory input
Iconic store- for visual information
Echoic store- for auditory information
Name the psychologist who studied sensory memory in STM
⚫️crowder
⚫️sperling
Describe crowders research for Sensory memory
⚫️sensory memory holds information for
➡️a few millisecond in iconic store
➡️2 or 3 second in echoic store
shows existence for separate sensory store in each sensory input
Describe sperlings study on sensory memory
⚫️iconic store
➡️short capacity of 0.5 sec
➡️larger capacity of 12 units of info
What is encoding in STM
- information arrives in sensory memory in its original form
- and is encoded in a form STM can deal with
- the dominant form of encoding in STM is acoustic
Name psychologist who studied encoding STM
⚫️braddely
⚫️posner and keele
Describe braddelys research study in encoding STM
⚫️participants given acoustically similar words ➡️like ‘cat’ ‘mat’ only recalled 15% of words
➡️shows acoustic confusion in STM
➡️shows STM is encoded on a acoustic foundation
Describe posner and keeles study on encoding in STM
⚫️participants could work out that ‘A’ followed by ‘A’
➡️where the same letters more quickly than
➡️’A’ followed by ‘a’
➡️as the visual code is different
➡️suggest visual coding also occurs in STM
What is capacity of short term memory
⚫️its limited
➡️research suggest holds 5-9 items
➡️increased through chunking
Name the psychologist who studing capacity in STM
⚫️miller
⚫️jacobs
Describe millers research method on capacity of STM
⚫️reviewed research studies ➡️found STM capacity between 5-9 items ➡️but 'chunk' was the basic unit of STM where information was grouped ➡️into meaningful units
Describe jacobs study on capacity of STM
⚫️gave participants either
➡️increasingly long lists of letters or number to recall
➡️found capacity for letters = 7 items
➡️capacity of numbers = 9 items
What is duration of short term memory
⚫️limited
➡️less than 30 sec
➡️research suggest info is rapidly lost if not rehearsed
➡️repetition retains the info in the ST memory loop
➡️until it becomes permanent in LT memory
Name the psychologist who studied duration in STM
⚫️marsh et al
⚫️peterson and peterson
Describe marsh et al study on duration STM
⚫️found STM duration brief
➡️if recall was unexpected
➡️suggest duration is dependant
➡️on degree of processing the information
Describe peterson and peterson study on duration STM
⚫️read participants nonsense trigrams
➡️e.g XQL
➡️got then to count backwards in 3s
➡️for periods of between 3-18 sec to prevent recall
➡️90% trigrams was recalled with a 3 sec period
➡️only 5% with 18 sec period
➡️implying STM memory duration to be limited to about 20-30 sec
What does long term memory mean
⚫️a permanent store
➡️holding limitless amount of information
➡️for long periods of time
What is encoding in long term memory
⚫️with verbal material
➡️mainly semantic
Name the two psychologist who studied encoding in LTM
⚫️Braddeley
⚫️Nelson and Rothbart
Describe braddeleys study on encoding in LTM
⚫️participants given semantically similar word list
➡️could only recall 55% of the word
➡️after 20 min gap between presentation and recall
➡️shows semantic confusion in LTM
➡️suggest LTM is encoded on a semantic basis
Describe nelson and rothbart study on LTM encoding
⚫️participants made recall errors
➡️with homophones
➡️words that sound the same but have different meaning
➡️like knight and night
➡️suggest acoustic encoding also occurs in LTM
What does capacity of long term memory mean
⚫️unlimited
➡️info cant be lost
➡️through decay and interference
➡️due to capacity limitation
Suggest two paychologist who studied capacity in LTM
⚫️wagenaar
⚫️anokhin
️describe anokhin study on capacity in LTM
⚫️estimated number of possible
➡️neuronal connections in brain
➡️is 1 followed be 10.5 million km of noughts
➡️concluded that humans don’t use all brain potential
➡️suggest capacity in LTM limitless
Describe wagenaar study on capacity in LTM
⚫️tested himself to recall
➡️2,400 events listen in a diary over 6 years
➡️finding recall was excellent
➡️suggest capacity of LTM extremely large
What does duration of long term memory mean
⚫️memory can be lifelong
➡️therefore duration depends on lifespan
⚫️however content had a longer duration
➡️if well learnt
⚫️unlike STM
➡️LTM doesn’t have to be continuously rehearsed to be retained
Name two psychologists who studied duration in LTM
⚫️bahrick et al
⚫️shephard
describe shephards study for duration of LTM
⚫️participants can recall pictures seen 1 hr ago
➡️when viewed among other pictures
➡️and still recalled 50% of them, 4 months later
➡️suggest LTM longlasting
Describe bahrick et al study on duration of LTM
⚫️asked participants aged between 17-74 ➡️to identify ex school friends ➡️from photos and name list ➡️those who left school within the last 15 years ➡️recalled 90% faces and names ➡those who left upto 48 years ago ➡️recalled 80% names,70% face ➡️suggest memory for face is enduring
Gove 3 evaluation point on MSM
⚫️influential
⚫️show STM and LTM separate stores
⚫️over simplistic
How was the STM influential
⚫️inspiring research
➡️lead to later theories
➡️like working memory model
➡️which offered greater understanding of how memory works
➡️this research supports existence of separate memory stores of sensory memory,STM, and LTM
How did the MSM show STM and LTM where separate stores
⚫️Shallice and Warrington ➡️reported on KF ➡️suffered brain damage ➡️affected his STM ➡️but not his LTM
⚫️while scoville reported on epileptic
➡️HM who had brain surgery
➡️affected his LTM but not his STM
⚫️supports idea that STM and LTM being in separate stores
Why is the MSM over simplistic
⚫over-simplistic idea of single STM and LTM stores
➡️research indicates existence of
➡️several STM stores
➡️one for verbal
➡️one for non-verbal sounds
➡️several LTM stores
➡️procedural
➡️episodic
➡️semantic memory stores
