Research Method-ethical Issues

Question 0

What are the ethical guidelines

Answer 0

⚫informed consent

⚫️avoidance of deception

⚫️right to withdraw

⚫️briefing/debriefing

⚫️confidentiality

⚫️observations

⚫️cost-benefit analysis

Question 1

What does ethical guidelines mean

Answer 1

⚫️the rules governing the conduct

➡️of researchers in investigations

Question 2

What is informed consent

Answer 2

⚫️participants should be given enough details of research
➡️that helps them to make a considered decision
➡️whether they wish to participate
➡️additional parental consent is required
➡️for those under the age of 16

Question 3

Describe the avoidance of deception

Answer 3

⚫️withholding info and misleading participants ➡️should be avoided

➡️a way to deal with unavoidable deception to not reveal hypothesis

➡️presumptive consent:
➡️gaining informed consent from those similar to the actual participants

➡️prior general consent:
➡️gaining consent of participants to be deceived
➡️without them knowing how this will occur

Question 4

Describe the right to withdraw

Answer 4

⚫participants are informed to leave a study at anytime

➡️including withdrawing their data at the conclusion of the study

Question 5

Describe briefing/debriefing

Answer 5

⚫️full relevant details should be explained
➡️before and after a study is conducted
➡️helps to deal with deception

⚫️eliminates harm
➡️ensuring participants will leave study
➡️in the same state they entered in

Question 6

Describe the protection of participants

Answer 6

⚫️participants must be protected from
➡️physical and mental harm

➡️risk of harm
➡️must be no greater than in real life

Question 7

Describe confidentiality

Answer 7

⚫️data is not shared to others
⚫️used for other purposes
➡️unless agreed in advance

⚫️numbers should be used
➡️instead of names in published research

Question 8

Describe observations as ethical guidelines

Answer 8

⚫️should only be made in settings

➡️where people would expect to be observed

Question 9

Describe the cost benefit analysis for ethical issues

Answer 9

⚫️if the benefits of the research
➡️outweighs the negative ethical implications
➡️research may be considered ethically acceptable

Question 10

What does sampling mean

Answer 10

⚫️selection of participants

➡️to represent a wider population

Question 11

Describe the 3 sampling methods

Answer 11

⚫️random sampling
➡️every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
✅representative
❎not all members of the population may be available for selection

⚫️opportunity sampling
➡️selecting those who are willing to take part
✅convenient
❎can be unrepresentative

⚫volunteer sampling
➡️people selecting themselves
➡️often relies on advertisement 
✅they're keen
❎unrepresentative
❎demand characteristics

Question 12

What does demand characteristic mean

Answer 12

⚫️a research effect
➡️where participants form impressions of the aim
➡️and alter their behaviour accordingly

Question 13

Describe the technique to reduce demand characteristics

Answer 13

⚫️single blind procedure
➡️not allowing participants knowledge
➡️of which condition they’re in

Question 14

What is investigator effects

Answer 14

⚫️researcher features

➡️that influences participants responses

Question 15

What are the 3 ways investigators can accidentally influence results

Answer 15

⚫️primary physical characteristics
➡️obvious physical aspects of the investigator
➡️age
➡️ethnicity

⚫secondary physical characteristics 
➡️less obvious physical aspects
➡️gives hints on how to behave
➡️leads to demand characteristics
➡️e.g accent, degree of eye contact

⚫️bias
➡️can accidentally be bias in their interpretation of data

Question 16

What technique can be used to reduce investigator effect

Answer 16

⚫️double blind procedure
➡️neither participant nor investigator
➡️know which condition participants are in
➡️so unconscious clues as how to behave
➡️is not transmitted