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EPPP 2019 > Research Design and Statistics > Flashcards

Research Design and Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

Pearson r coefficent is used to

A

meausure the linear relationship between two continuous variables

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2
Q

Eta coefficient is used to

A

estimate strength on non-linear relationship between two continuous variables

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3
Q

Spearman rho is used to

A

measure the relationshipt between two sets of ranked data

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4
Q

Biserial

A

Used to measure the relationship between one continuous and one artificially-made dichotmous variable

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5
Q

Point Biserial

A

Used to measure the relationship between one continuous variable and one dichotmous variable

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6
Q

Tetrachoric coefficent

A

used to measure the relationship between two dichotomous variables

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7
Q

Phi coefficent

A

used to measure the relationship between two dichotomous variables

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8
Q

Mulitiple predictors and a single criterion =

A

Multiple regression

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9
Q

Analysis that determines which continous variables discriminant between 2+ naturally occurring groups =

A

discriminant function analysis

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10
Q

Using multiple predictors to sort individuals into 3+ criteron groups

A

Multiple discriminant analysis

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11
Q

What factor analysis is determine variables/components that account for total variance in scores

A

Principle component analysis

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12
Q

Rosenthal Effect or Pygmalion Effect

A

high expectations lead to increased performance

(e. g., Teachers and gifted students)
* Threat to internal validity*

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13
Q

Demand Effect

A

Participants guess what answers experimenters want

Threat to External Validity

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14
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Subjects behave different just because they are involved in research
(i.e. lightbulbs experiment)

Threats to External Validity

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15
Q

Threats to Internal Validity

A

History

Maturation

Selection

Experimenter Bias

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16
Q

History

Threat to internal validity

A

Any external event that affects scores or status on the dependent variable

(ex. previous Bullying intervention in classroom A)

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17
Q

Maturation

Threat to Internal Validity

A

Any internal (biological or psychological) change that occurs in subjects while the experiment is in progress and systematically effects DV

(i.e., intellectual development between pre and post)

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18
Q

What are some techniques to control for threats to internal validity?

A

Random Assignment

Blocking

Matching

ANCOVA

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19
Q

Selection

Threat to Internal Validity

A

Pre-existing subject factors that account for scores on the DV

(ex. Class A is naturally more intelligent than Class B)

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20
Q

Standard deviation is…

A

square root of the variance

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21
Q

In an normal distribution, the percent of the population that falls between

-1sd to 1sd

A

68%

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22
Q

68-95-99 rule

A

Population that falls between a

1sd–2sd–3sd

on a normal curve

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23
Q

z-score of +3 is equivalent to what percentile rank?

A

99.9 percentile rank or cutoff of .1%

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24
Q

z-score of +2 is equivalent to what percentile rank?

A

98 percentile rank or cutoff of 2%

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25
Q

z-score of +1 is equivalent to what percentile rank?

A

84% PR or cutoff point for 16%

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26
Q

z-score of -1 is equal to what percentile rank/cutoff score?

A

16% PR or cutoff for the bottom 16%

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27
Q

Z scores are

A

raw scores stated in standard deviation terms

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28
Q

How do you calculate the standard error of the mean?

A

SEmean= SD/Square root of N

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29
Q

What is the standard error of the mean?

A

How far the sample mean can be expected to deviate from the corresponding population mean

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30
Q

Beta means

A

probability of Type II error

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31
Q

Beta means

A

probability of Type II error

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32
Q

Power means

A

rejecting the null when it is indeed false

(avoiding Type II error)

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33
Q

Type II error

A

retaining a false null

(there was an effect and you missed it)

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34
Q

Type I error

A

rejecting a true null

(saying there is an effect when there is not)

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35
Q

Assumptions of parametric tests

A

Normal Distribution

Homogeniety of Variance

Independence of Observations

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36
Q

Which assumption of parametric tests is not robust?

A

Independence of Observations

37
Q

Alpha means…

A

the probabibility of making Type I error

38
Q

How do you combat threats to internal validity?

A

Random Assignment to groups

Matching

Blocking

39
Q

Matching

A

ensures equivalency in an extraneous variable

40
Q

Blocking

A

determines effect of extraneous variably by making it an IV

41
Q

Examples of non-parametric tests

A

Chi-squared

Mann-Whitney U

Wilcoxin Matched-Pairs Test

Kruskal Wallis Test

42
Q

Parametric Tests

A

t-tests

one way ANOVA

factorial ANOVA

MANOVA

43
Q

types of T-tests

A

one-sample t-test

independent samples

correlated samples

44
Q

One sample t-test

A

compare a sample mean to a population mean

45
Q

If you are comparing two means you would use a __________

A

t-test

46
Q

You use an Independent samples t-test …

A

when you want to compare means obtained from two independent samples

47
Q

You use a correlated t-test…

A

when you want to compare means of two correlated samples

(pre-post test design)

48
Q

You use a one-way ANOVA when…

A

there is one IV with 3+ levels

49
Q

The F statistic in ANOVA represents

A

the ratio of between group variance to within group variance

50
Q

You use a factorial ANOVA when…

A

you have multiple IV’s and one DV

51
Q

What a factorial ANOVA yields both significant main and interaction effect what does this mean?

A

That the main effects do not generalize to all situations (the iV acts differently at different levels of another IV)

52
Q

When do you use a MANOVA

A

Analyze data from studies with multiple DV’s (outcomes)

reduces Type I error as you avoid running seperate ANOVA’s for each DV

53
Q

Chi-square test is used to analyzed what data?

A

Nominal

54
Q

A chi-square test compares frequencies of observations under nominal categories to…

A

frequencies expected under the null hypothesis

55
Q

Mann-Whitney U is used to compare two IV’s to…

A

DV measured with rank-order data

Alt. to t-test for independent samples

56
Q

Wilcoxin Matched Pairs Test is used to….

A

compare two correlated groups to a DV measure in rank-ordered data

alt. to t-test for correlated samples

57
Q

When do you use a Kruskal Wallis test

A

when you want to compare 2+ IV’s on a DV with rank-ordered data

alt. to ANOVA

58
Q

What three non-parametric tests use rank-ordered DV data

A

Mann Whitney U (2 independent groups)

Wilcoxin Matched-Pairs (2 corr. groups)

Kruskal Wallis Test (2+ independent groups)

59
Q

Mann Whitney is like

A

an independent t-test; only uses 2 independent groups (levels)

60
Q

Wilcoxin Matched-Pairs test is similar to a…

A

correlated t-test. Uses two correlated groups

61
Q

Kruskal Wallis is similar to an…

A

Anova; uses 2 or more independent groups

62
Q

What posthoc test protects best against Type I error?

A

Scheffe’s

63
Q

What posthoc test should you use for pairwise comparisons?

A

Tukey

64
Q

Internal Validity

A

ability to determine if there is a causal relationship between IV and DV

65
Q

External Validity

A

Ability to generalize the results of the study to other people, settings, and conditions

66
Q

Types of random sampling

A

Stratified random sampling–take a random sample from each subgroup of the total target population

Cluster Sampling –sample a naturally occuring group of individuals that represent the target population

67
Q

Ways to increase external validity?

A

Random selection (random sampling)

Naturalistic Research

Single-Double Blind Research

Counterbalancing

68
Q

Threats to external validity are…

A

Selection x Treatment

History x Treatment

Testing x Treatment

Demand Characteristics

Hawthorne

Order effects

69
Q

T-tests cannot be used if there are more than ____ groups to compare

A

2

T-test means two

70
Q

What is an eigenvalue?

A

how much variability a particular factor is accounting for in the other studied variables

(a factor’s strength or explanatory power)

71
Q

In a PCA, factors are always_______

uncorrelated or correlated?

A

uncorrelated/independent

72
Q

The relationship between predictor variables and criterion in a multiple regression model is known as

A

multiple R or multiple correlation coefficient

73
Q

Other Correlational Techniques include

A

Canonical Correlation

Discriminant Function Analysis

Logistic Regression

Multiple Cutoff

Partial Correlation

74
Q

Canonical Correlation

A

multiple criterion and multiple predictor variables

75
Q

Discriminant Function Analysis

A

Scores on several variables are combained to predict group membership

(backwards from MR)

76
Q

Predictor variables in a discriminant function analysis require ________

A

Differential Validity

–each predictor must have a different correlation with each criterion variable

77
Q

Logistics Regression

Alternative to discriminant function analysis

A
  • Used when assumptions of homogeniety and normality are not met
  • Can use nominal or continous data
  • Primarily used in research with dichotomous criterion
78
Q

Path analysis vs. LISREL: what are the differences?

Types of SEM

A

one-way causal flow vs. one/two-way

observed variables only vs. latent and observed

79
Q

When should you use a Contingency coefficient

A

when both variables are nominal (name)

(ex. categories)

80
Q

Contigency coefficient vs. phi coefficent

A

nominal vs. dichotomous variables

81
Q

Random assignment vs. Random selection

A

Random assignment is for external validity

Random selection is for internal validity

82
Q

Trend analysis is used in what type of research design?

A

Repeated measures

measures the nature of an effect and whether the relationship is linear or non-linear

83
Q

Trend analysis requires what type of IV and DV variables?

A

Interval or Ratio (quantitative)

84
Q

Formula for standard error of the mean

A

sd/sqrt(N)

85
Q

A change in the raw score at the middle of a distribution will result in [greater/lesser] change in percentile rank compared to a change in raw score at the end of the distribution

A

greater

86
Q

Raising the cutoff score on a predictor will

A

decrease false positives

decrease true positives

(move vertical line to the right)

87
Q

Item response theory

A

is typically applied to develop culture faire tests

88
Q

Minimum F value in an Anova is

A

1

89
Q
A

EPPP 2019 (10 decks)

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