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EPPP 2019 > Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Theories of Moral Development

Social and Emotional Development

A

Piaget’s Moral Development

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

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2
Q

Stages of Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development

Moral Development

A

Premoral (0-5)

Heteronomous (begins 5)

Autonomous ( begins 10-11)

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3
Q

Premoral Stage

Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development

A

limited understanding of rules

0-5 years old

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4
Q

Heteronomous stage

Piaget’s stages of Moral Development

A
  • Rules are absolute and unchangeable
  • How bad an action is based on how severe the consequence
  • starts age 5
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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Autonomous stage of Moral Development

Piaget’s Moral Development Stages

A

Rules are agreements between people; alterable

begin age 10 or 11

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7
Q

What age do children intentionally lie according to Piaget?

A

Age 7

(but actually research suggests children age 3 or 4 lie to avoid punishment)

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8
Q

Levels of Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development

A

Level 1: Preconventional

Level 2: Conventional

Level 3: Post Conventional

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9
Q

Age of transition from conventional to postconventional moral level?

Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development

A

late adolescent to early adulthood

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10
Q

Age of transition from preconventional to conventional moral level?

Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development

A

10 or 11 years old

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11
Q

Convetional level children determine good vs. bad actions based on the….

Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development

A

If they are liked by other; in accordance with rules and laws

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12
Q

Postconventional level adolescents determine good vs. bad actions based on the….

Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development

A

democratic laws and universal principles

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13
Q

Preconventional level children determine good vs. bad actions based on the….

Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development

A

Consequences

Punished = bad action

Rewarded = good action

Similar to heteronomous stage of Piaget’s model for 5-10 year olds

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14
Q

Attachment Theories

A
  1. Contact Comfort (Zimmerman)
  2. Ethological Theory-Biological Progressive Attachment (Bowlby)
  3. Feeding (Freud)
  4. Internal Working Model (Bowlby)
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15
Q

Attachment develops around what age?

A

6 or 7 months

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16
Q

“Social Referencing” (i.e. “visual cliff” behavior) develops at what age?

Attachment Signs

A

6 months

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17
Q

Separation Anxiety develops at what age?

Peaks at what age?

Attachment Signs

A

6 months

14-18 months

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18
Q

Outcomes of prolonged separation based on age.

no damage vs. damage?

A

Seperation before 3 months = o.k.

Seperation after 9 months = mod. to severe

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19
Q

Stages of response to prolonged separation (Bowlby)

A

Protest

Despair

Detachment

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20
Q

Four attachment patterns in childhood

Based on Ainsworth strange situatio

A
  1. Secure Attachement
  2. Anxious/Avoidance
  3. Anxious/Resistant
  4. Disorganized/Disoriented
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21
Q

Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment

A
  • alternate between avoidance and proximity
  • appear dazed, confused, apprehensive​

often maltreated by caregivers

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22
Q

Anxious/Resistant Attachment

A
  • anxious when Mom present
  • distress when Mom leaves; ambivalent when return
  • wary of strangers even when Mom present

Caused by inconsistent response of enthusiasm vs. indfference

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23
Q

Anxious/Avoidant Attachment

A
  • no exploration (uninterested in environ)
  • no distress when Mom leaves; avoid contact when return
  • may or may not be wary of strangers
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24
Q

Secure Attachment

A
  • Explore with or without Mom
  • Distress when Mom leaves; contact when return
  • Prefers mom to strangers but friendly when Mom present
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25
Q

Secure/Autonomous Attachment

Adult Attachment Styles

A
  • coherent description of early attachment relationships
  • integrate pos. and neg. experiences
  • not angry

Children are secure

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26
Q

Preoccupied Attachment Style

Adult Attachment Styles

A
  • confused, incoherent, angry
  • childhood involved disappointment and role reversal

children Anxious/Resistant Ambivalent

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27
Q

Dismissing Attachment

Adult Attachment Styles

A
  • guarded and defensive
  • idealize parent but no concrete examples

3/4 of children are anxious/avoidant

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28
Q

Unresolved Attachment Style

Adult Attachment Styles

A
  • adults experienced severe trauma and not resolved trauma
  • childhood abusive or neglectful

children disorganized or disoriented

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29
Q
A
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30
Q

Early Emotions (birth)

A

interest, disgust, distress,

sadness, joy, surprise, fear

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31
Q

Early Emotions (15 months to 2 years)

A

self-conscious/social emotions

envy, empathy, embarassment

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32
Q

Theories of Language Development

A

Behavioral Theories

Nativist Theories (Chomsky)

Cogntive Theories (Bowerman)

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33
Q

Behavioral Theories of Language

A

Language = reinforcement and imitation

ex. motherese and recasting

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34
Q

Nativist Theories of Language

A

Language = innate, biologically determined, sensitive period

ex. LAD from Chomsky

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35
Q

Cognitive Theories of Language Development

A

Bowerman states language is used to express cognition already formulated in mind; independent from language

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36
Q

Children are born with 3 cries

A

basic (hunger)

pain

angry

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37
Q

Children learn to cry for attention at ____ weeks

A

3 weeks

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38
Q

Sequence of Language Development (1 month to 9 months)

A

Cooing (1-2);

Babbling (4-6),

Echolalia and Expressive Jargon (9+)

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39
Q

Sequence of Language Development (10 months to 24 months)

A

First Words (10-15 months)

Holophrastic Speech (single words used to express sentences; 12-18; 1yr),

Telegraphic Speech (uses two words to express sentence: 18-24; 1.5 yr)

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40
Q

Sequence of Language Development

A

Cooing (1-2); Babbling (4-6),

Echolalia and Expressive Jargon (9+)

First Words (10-15 months)

Holophrastic Speech (single words used to express sentences12-18; 1yr), Telegraphic Speech (uses two words to express sentence 18-24; 1.5 yr)

Rapid Vocabulary (30-36/3 yrs)

Develpt of Complex Grammar (36-48; 3-4 yrs)

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41
Q

Sequence of Language Development (3-4 years)

A

Rapid Vocabulary (30-36/3 yrs)

Develpt of Complex Grammar (36-48; 3-4 yrs)

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42
Q

1 month early motor development

A

turns head

grasp reflex

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43
Q

3 months motor development

A

head bob

holds rattle

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44
Q

5 months early development

A

head erect and steady

plays with toys

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45
Q

7 months motor development

A

Sits

Transfers objects in hand

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46
Q

9-10 months early development

A

Pulls self to stand

uses thumb and index finger

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47
Q

11-15 months motor development

A

Walks using furniture

builds tower of blocks

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48
Q
A
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49
Q

18-24 months motor development

A

walk up stairs

uses toilet and spoon

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50
Q

Cognitive Theories of Development

A

Piaget’s constructiv. theory

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory

Information Processing theory

Neo-Piagetian theories

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51
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor (0-2)

Preoperational ( 2-7)

Concrete Operational (7-12)

Formal Operational (12+)

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52
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget’s Constructivist Theory

A

Children learn about objects through sensory information and motor activity

has six substages

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53
Q

First substage of sensorimotor stage?

(name and month?)

A

Early Reflexive Rxns (0-1 month)

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54
Q

Second substage of sensorimotor stage?

(name and month?)

A

Primary Circular Reactions

(1 to 4 months)

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55
Q

Third substage of sensorimotor stage?

(name, months)

A

Secondary Circular Reactions

(4 to 8 months)

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56
Q

Fourth substage of sensorimotor stage

(name; months)

A

Coordination of secondary circular reactions

(8-12 months)

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57
Q

Fifth substage of sensorimotor stage

(name; month)

A

Tertiary Circular Reactions

(12 to 18 months)

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58
Q

Sixth substage of sensorimotor stage

(name, months)

A

Emergence of Representational Thought

(18-24 months)

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59
Q

Early Reflexive reactions (0-1 month)

A

gain control and practice reflexive behaviors

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60
Q

Primary Circular Reactions (1 - 4 months)

A

discover pleasurable actions (thumbsucking) then repeat them

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61
Q

Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)

A

Discover actions involving obects then repeat them

(shaking rattle)

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62
Q

Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions

(8-12 months)

A

combine secondary circular reactions to meet a goal

(uncover rattle then reach for it)

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63
Q

Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)

A

Infants deliberately change an action to discover the consequences

(dropping a ball from different heights)

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64
Q

Emergence of Representation Thought

(18-24 months)

A

Infants develop mental representations that allow them to think of past objects not in present

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65
Q

In the preoperational stage infants develop…

(2-7 years)

A
  • symbolic function (words, images stand for another)
  • pretend play
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66
Q

Preoperational stage is limited by…

A

transductive reasoning–2 events that happen at the same time are causal

egocentrism–inability of children to understand that others don’t experience things the same way they do

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67
Q

Transductive reasoning and egocentrism in the preoperation stage leads to…

A

animism and magical thinking

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68
Q

What is conservation?

A

understanding that the underlying properties of an object don’t change even if physical appearances do

develops in concrete operational stage (7-12)

Requires decentration and reversibility

69
Q

In addition to transductive reasoning and egocentrism, children in the preoperational stage are unable to use this ability ______.

A

conservation

70
Q

A lack of conservation in the preoperational stage is due to these two cognitive errors:

_____ and _____

A
  • centration (overfocus on one detail and neglect other features)
  • irreversibility
71
Q

Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12 years) is characterized by the development of ….

______ and ______

which allows for the ability of

___________

A

decentration and reversibility

conservation

72
Q

Sequential development of conservation….

A

length, liquid, mass, area, weight, volume

horizontal decalage

73
Q

Formal Operational Stage (12+ years age)

A

Characterized by being able to think logically about abstract information

Hyothetical deductive reasoning

Propositional thought

74
Q

What does the hypothetical-deductive reasoning ability of the formal operational stage entail?

A

ability to arrive and test alternative explanations for observed events

75
Q

What does the propositional thought ability of the formal operational stage entail?

A

ability to evaluate logical validity of verbal statements without making reference to real-world circumstances

76
Q

Formal Operational Stage involves this error in thinking…

A

adolescent egocentrism

driven by imaginary audience and personal fable

77
Q

Information Processing Theories of Cognitive Development

A
  • human cognitive process similar to a computer
  • use logical rules but have limited capacity for amount of information
  • we become better information processors by changes to our hardware and software (biological systems and experiences)
78
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Theory vs. Information Processing Theory

A

Information Processing focuses on specific cog. processes (memory, attention)

IP emphasizes quantitative changes in cognition rather than qualitative changes in cognition

79
Q

Neo-Piagetian theories of Cognitive Development

A

Combine Piaget and information processing theories

  • Constructivistic approach of stages that represent qualitative changes in cognition
  • Emphasize changes in specific cog. processes

Ex. increased capacity for working memory is due to a combination of brain maturation and experience

80
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

A
  • cognition is dependent on social, cultural , and historical context
  • learning occurs at the interpersonal and intrapersonal level
  • children’s “private speech” that guides actions starts off as overt but becomes covert
81
Q

Theories of Personality Development

A

Freud’s Psychosexual Development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

Trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, ego integrity

82
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Development

A

Oral (0-1 yr)

Anal (1-3 yr)

Phallic (3-6 yr)

Latency (6-12 yr)

Genital (12+ yr)

83
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

(years 0 to 6)

A
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 years)
  2. Autonomy and Shame (1-3 yrs)
  3. Initiative vs Guilt (3-6 yrs)
84
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

(years 6-YA)

A
  1. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 yrs)
  2. Identity vs. Identity Confusion (12+ yrs)
  3. Intimacy vs. Isolation (YA)
85
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

(years MA, OA)

A
  1. Generativity vs. Stagnation (MA)
  2. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (OA)
86
Q

Comparing ages 0 to 3

Freud vs. Erikson

A
  1. ​Oral (0-1)—-Trust vs. Mistrust
  2. Anal (1-3)—–Autonomy vs. Shame
87
Q

Comparing ages 3-12+

Freud vs. Erikson

A
  1. Phallic (3-6)—Initiative vs. Guilt
  2. Latency (6-12)—–Industry vs. Inferiority
  3. Genital (12+)—-Identity vs. Identity Confusion…
88
Q

Oral (0-1 yr)

Freud’s Psychosexual Development

A
  • Baby gets sensual pleasure with mouth, tounge
  • Fixation = thumb sucking and fingernail biting
89
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 yr)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

A
  • Responsive parenting and pleasurable feeding makes infant feel caregivers are predictable and good
  • Mistrust = too long to be comforted
90
Q

Anal (1-3 yr)

Freud Psychosocial Development

A

Pleasure from anal (toilet training conflicts)

Fixation = anal retentive or expulsive

91
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3 yrs)

Erikson’s psychosocial development

A
  • Greater exploration and independence
  • Parent provides opportunities for free choice
  • Fixation = shame or restrictions
92
Q

Phallic (3-6 yrs)

Freud Psychosexual Development

A
  • pleasure from genital stimulation
  • sexual desire for parent (oedipal or electra)
  • Resolved when super ego identifies with same sex parent
93
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 yrs)

Erikson’s Psychosocial development

A
  • make believe play
  • parents support sense of purpose
  • Guilt = too many demands on self control
94
Q

Latency (6-12)

Freud’s Psychosexual development

A
  • Sexual instincts repressed
  • Solidifies superego by playing with same sex child and assimilate societal values
95
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

A
  • Develop capacity productivity and cooperation
  • Inferiority when peers/ppl don’t foster feelings of competency and mastery
96
Q

Genital stage (12+)

Freud’s Psychosexual Development

A
  • Sexual drive of phallic stage activated
  • If earlier stages were ok teen matures healthy sexuality
97
Q

Identity vs. Identity Confusion (12+)

Freud’s Psychosexual Development

A

Tasks of earlier stages integrate into lasting sense of identity

98
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation (YA)

Erikson’s psychosocial development

A

relationships with others foster identity and connectedness

inability to establish relationship = fear of rejection and isolation

99
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation (MA)

Erikson’s Psychosocial development

A

Contribute to younger generation through child-rearing, mentor, teach, productive work

100
Q

Ego Integrity vs. Despair (OA)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

A

Feeling life was worthwhile vs. despair, regret, dissatisfaction

101
Q

Moria’s/Erikson’s Identity Status

A

Identity Diffusion (no thought)

Identity Foreclosure (parent decides)

Identity Moratorium (don’t know, confused, skeptical)

Identity Achievement (identity resolved)

102
Q

Kohlberg is known for…

A

Theories of Moral Development

(Preconventional, conventional, postconventional)

103
Q

Erikson is known for

A

Psychosocial Theory of Cogntiive Development

104
Q

Ainsworth is known for…

A

Four main attachment patterns

105
Q

Gilligan is known for…

A

Relational Crisis for Girls

(abandon strengths and interests in response to cultural pressures)

106
Q

Children begin to understand death between the ages of

A

7 to 9

(concrete operational stage)

107
Q

What percentage of individual differences in IQ can be explained by hereditary factors?

A

50%

108
Q

Examples of dominant genes include

A

dark hair, immunity to poison ivy, type B blood

109
Q

Examples of recessive genes

A

Type O blood, red hair, congenital deafness

110
Q

What are sex-linked genes?

A

Recessive genes that are transmitted only through the chromosome

111
Q

Why is color blindness 2x as common in men than in women?

A

Color blindness is a recessive sex-linked gene. Women have an additional X that increases chances of a dominant veersion.

112
Q

Gene-linked abnormalities

A

Huntington’s Disease (dominant)

Phenylketonuria (recessive)

Tay Sachs, sickle-cell, cystic fibrosis (recessive)

113
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Gene-linnked abnormality

caused by dominant gene

child has 50% chance of inheriting

114
Q

Phenylketonuria

A
  • Gene-linked abnormality
  • body cannot digest the amino acid phenylalanine
  • toxic to the brain and can cause ID
115
Q

Chromosomal Abnormality examples

A

Down Syndrome

Prader-Willi Syndrome

Klinefelter Syndrome

Turner Syndrome

Fragile X Syndrome

116
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Extra #21 chromosome

117
Q

Prader Willi Syndrome

A
  • deletion of paternal chromosome 15
  • causes mental retardation,
  • overeating, obesity, hypogonad, obsessive compulsive,
  • narrow forehead, small hands
118
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

Sex Chromosome abnormality

A
  • Affects males
  • Extra X chromosome
  • Infertile and incomplete development of secondary sex characteristics
119
Q

Turner Syndrome

Sex Chromosome Abnormality

A
  • Affects Females
  • Part or all of X chromosome missing
  • No sec. sexual characteristics, infertile, webbed kneck
120
Q

Fragile X syndrome

Sex chromosome abnormality

A
  • Both males and females
  • Weak site on X chromosome
  • Mental retardation, facial deformity, stacatto speech/rhythm
121
Q

What gene linked or chromosomal abnormalities can cause mental retardation?

A
  • Phenylketonuria (gene-linked)
  • Down Syndrome (chromosomal)
  • Prader-Willi (chromsomal)
  • Fragile X Syndome (sex-linked)
122
Q

Periods of Fetal Development (name and time span)

A

Germinal Period (8-10 days after conception)

Embryonic Period (End of 2nd week to 8th week)

Fetal Period (9th week to birth)

123
Q

Teratogens effects in the germinal period

(8-10 days after conception)

A
  • Teratogens only damage a few cells
  • Either little to no effect on development OR affects many cells and causes organism death
124
Q

Teratogens effects on embryonic period

(End of 2nd week to 8th week)

A
  • Structural defects in developing organs
  • CNS vulnerable starting now to fetal period
125
Q

Teratogens effects on fetal period development

(9th week to birth)

A
  • Organ systems less affected
  • Impaired organ functioning, delayed growth, imparied intellect, emotions (think DD)
126
Q

Kids born premature catch up to peers by ___ or ___ years old

A

2 or 3 years old

127
Q

Prematurity is defined as being born before ______ weeks.

A

37 weeks

128
Q

Small for gestational age is defined as having a birth weight that is…

A

Below 10th percentile

greater risk compared to premature babies

129
Q

Risk factors associated with being small for gestational age

A
  • asphyxia during birth
  • DD
  • respiratory disease
  • impaired vision and hearing
130
Q

Fetal Distress is defined as

A

Prolonged anoxia

Associated features include abnormal slowing of labor, irregular heartbeat, sustance in amniotic fluid

131
Q

Fetal Distress can result in…

A

cogntive and motor impairment

epilepsy

cerebral palsy

132
Q

Microsystem

A

child’s immediate environment (family, peers, school)

133
Q

Mesossystem

A

interconnection between components of microsystem

134
Q

Exosystem

A

Parts of the child’s evironment that the child is not in

(parent’s workplace, neighbors, comm services)

135
Q

Macrosystem

A

aspects of society that affect development

(racism, socioeconomic conditions, cultural standards or child rearing)

136
Q

Prenatal malnutrition during the 1st trimester (first 12 weeks) can result in…

A

Spontaneous abortion

Neural tube defect

heart, kidney, organ abnormalities

137
Q

Prenatal malnutrition during the 3rd trimester (28 to 40+ weeks) can result in…

A
  • Low birth weight
  • Low brain size and weight
138
Q

General risks of prenatal malnutrition includes…

A

cardiovascular disease

diabetes

other chronic diseases

139
Q

Brain decreaes in weight at ____ years and ____ years due to decreases in neurons

A

30 years

60 years

140
Q

List Infant reflexes

A

Palmar grasp–grasps finger

Babinski reflex–stroke foot; extend big toe

Moro (startle) reflex–arches back when head dropped

Rooting–turn head in direction of cheek stroke

141
Q

At what age can children walk without help…

A

12-14 months

142
Q

at what age can children walk upstairs with hand being held

A

18 months

143
Q

at what age can children walk upstairs alone?

A

24 months

144
Q

Vision development in infants

A
  • See 20 feet @ birth
  • Detect colors @ 2-3 months
  • Depth Perception @ 6 months
  • Visual Acuity @ 1 year
145
Q

At what age do adults become farsighted?

A

age 40

146
Q

Problematic drug use frequency in adolescents

A

alcohol–>tobacco–> marijuania–>cocaine meth

147
Q

Memory in infants

A

Birth: Recognition Memory

2-3 months: Cued Recall

2-3 years: Episodic memory of events weeks or months earlier

148
Q

Infantile amnesia is when adults don’t recall anything before ____ years of age.

A

3 or 4

149
Q

Declines in Memory in adulthood

A
  • Recent long term memory > WM
  • specifically episodic losses > semantic or procedural*
  • Remote long term mem and primary mem (STM) not affected by age
150
Q

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

A

logical-math

musical

bodily-kinesthetic

spatial

interpersonal

intrapersonal

naturalist

151
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Model

A

Componential/Analytical–process, analyze information

Experiential/Creative–unfamiliar tasks

Contextual/Practical–respond to environment

152
Q

Guilford’s Structure of Intelligence

A

convergent (1 answer)

divergent (+ answers)

153
Q

Intelligence and genetics+environment concordance for twins

A

Identical Twins reared together: .85

Identical Twins reared apart: .68

Fraternal twins reared together: .58

154
Q

Genetic and environmetal factors IQ concordance for siblings

A

Siblings raised together: .45

Siblings raised apart: .24

155
Q

Genetic and environmetal factors IQ concordance for parent and child

A
  • biological parent and child together: .39
  • biological parent and child apart: .22
  • adoptive parent: .18
156
Q

Seperation anxiety begins at

A

6 months

157
Q

seperation anxiety peaks at

A

14-18 months

158
Q

stranger anxiety begins at…`

A

10 months

159
Q

Stranger anxeity peaks at…

A

18-24 months

160
Q

Social Referencing (visual cliff experiment) begins at age…

A

6 months

161
Q

When a mother leaves the room a secure-attached child will

A

be distressed and seek contact with mom when they return

162
Q

With a stranger and mom present, a secure attached child will…

A

be friendly to stranger when mom is present

163
Q

When a mother leaves an Avoidant attachment style baby will…

A

not be distressed and avoid contact with mother when she returns

164
Q

How will a baby with an avoidant detachment style will act toward a stranger?

A

may or may not be wary of a stranger

165
Q

How will a resistant baby act when mom is present?

A

distressed when mom leaves; ambivalent when mom returns

166
Q

how will a resistant baby act in the presence of strangers?

A

wary of strangers; even if mom is present

167
Q

how will a disorganized baby act with their mother

A

alternate between indifferance and proximity-seeking with mother

168
Q

Intelligence Theories

A
169
Q

Intelligence Tests

A

EPPP 2019 (10 decks)

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