Developmental Psychology Flashcards
Theories of Moral Development
Social and Emotional Development
Piaget’s Moral Development
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Stages of Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development
Moral Development
Premoral (0-5)
Heteronomous (begins 5)
Autonomous ( begins 10-11)
Premoral Stage
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development
limited understanding of rules
0-5 years old
Heteronomous stage
Piaget’s stages of Moral Development
- Rules are absolute and unchangeable
- How bad an action is based on how severe the consequence
- starts age 5
Autonomous stage of Moral Development
Piaget’s Moral Development Stages
Rules are agreements between people; alterable
begin age 10 or 11
What age do children intentionally lie according to Piaget?
Age 7
(but actually research suggests children age 3 or 4 lie to avoid punishment)
Levels of Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Level 1: Preconventional
Level 2: Conventional
Level 3: Post Conventional
Age of transition from conventional to postconventional moral level?
Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development
late adolescent to early adulthood
Age of transition from preconventional to conventional moral level?
Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development
10 or 11 years old
Convetional level children determine good vs. bad actions based on the….
Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development
If they are liked by other; in accordance with rules and laws
Postconventional level adolescents determine good vs. bad actions based on the….
Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development
democratic laws and universal principles
Preconventional level children determine good vs. bad actions based on the….
Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Consequences
Punished = bad action
Rewarded = good action
Similar to heteronomous stage of Piaget’s model for 5-10 year olds
Attachment Theories
- Contact Comfort (Zimmerman)
- Ethological Theory-Biological Progressive Attachment (Bowlby)
- Feeding (Freud)
- Internal Working Model (Bowlby)
Attachment develops around what age?
6 or 7 months
“Social Referencing” (i.e. “visual cliff” behavior) develops at what age?
Attachment Signs
6 months
Separation Anxiety develops at what age?
Peaks at what age?
Attachment Signs
6 months
14-18 months
Outcomes of prolonged separation based on age.
no damage vs. damage?
Seperation before 3 months = o.k.
Seperation after 9 months = mod. to severe
Stages of response to prolonged separation (Bowlby)
Protest
Despair
Detachment
Four attachment patterns in childhood
Based on Ainsworth strange situatio
- Secure Attachement
- Anxious/Avoidance
- Anxious/Resistant
- Disorganized/Disoriented
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
- alternate between avoidance and proximity
- appear dazed, confused, apprehensive
often maltreated by caregivers
Anxious/Resistant Attachment
- anxious when Mom present
- distress when Mom leaves; ambivalent when return
- wary of strangers even when Mom present
Caused by inconsistent response of enthusiasm vs. indfference
Anxious/Avoidant Attachment
- no exploration (uninterested in environ)
- no distress when Mom leaves; avoid contact when return
- may or may not be wary of strangers
Secure Attachment
- Explore with or without Mom
- Distress when Mom leaves; contact when return
- Prefers mom to strangers but friendly when Mom present
Secure/Autonomous Attachment
Adult Attachment Styles
- coherent description of early attachment relationships
- integrate pos. and neg. experiences
- not angry
Children are secure
Preoccupied Attachment Style
Adult Attachment Styles
- confused, incoherent, angry
- childhood involved disappointment and role reversal
children Anxious/Resistant Ambivalent
Dismissing Attachment
Adult Attachment Styles
- guarded and defensive
- idealize parent but no concrete examples
3/4 of children are anxious/avoidant
Unresolved Attachment Style
Adult Attachment Styles
- adults experienced severe trauma and not resolved trauma
- childhood abusive or neglectful
children disorganized or disoriented
Early Emotions (birth)
interest, disgust, distress,
sadness, joy, surprise, fear
Early Emotions (15 months to 2 years)
self-conscious/social emotions
envy, empathy, embarassment
Theories of Language Development
Behavioral Theories
Nativist Theories (Chomsky)
Cogntive Theories (Bowerman)
Behavioral Theories of Language
Language = reinforcement and imitation
ex. motherese and recasting
Nativist Theories of Language
Language = innate, biologically determined, sensitive period
ex. LAD from Chomsky
Cognitive Theories of Language Development
Bowerman states language is used to express cognition already formulated in mind; independent from language
Children are born with 3 cries
basic (hunger)
pain
angry
Children learn to cry for attention at ____ weeks
3 weeks
Sequence of Language Development (1 month to 9 months)
Cooing (1-2);
Babbling (4-6),
Echolalia and Expressive Jargon (9+)
Sequence of Language Development (10 months to 24 months)
First Words (10-15 months)
Holophrastic Speech (single words used to express sentences; 12-18; 1yr),
Telegraphic Speech (uses two words to express sentence: 18-24; 1.5 yr)
Sequence of Language Development
Cooing (1-2); Babbling (4-6),
Echolalia and Expressive Jargon (9+)
First Words (10-15 months)
Holophrastic Speech (single words used to express sentences12-18; 1yr), Telegraphic Speech (uses two words to express sentence 18-24; 1.5 yr)
Rapid Vocabulary (30-36/3 yrs)
Develpt of Complex Grammar (36-48; 3-4 yrs)
Sequence of Language Development (3-4 years)
Rapid Vocabulary (30-36/3 yrs)
Develpt of Complex Grammar (36-48; 3-4 yrs)
1 month early motor development
turns head
grasp reflex
3 months motor development
head bob
holds rattle
5 months early development
head erect and steady
plays with toys
7 months motor development
Sits
Transfers objects in hand
9-10 months early development
Pulls self to stand
uses thumb and index finger
11-15 months motor development
Walks using furniture
builds tower of blocks
18-24 months motor development
walk up stairs
uses toilet and spoon
Cognitive Theories of Development
Piaget’s constructiv. theory
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory
Information Processing theory
Neo-Piagetian theories
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor (0-2)
Preoperational ( 2-7)
Concrete Operational (7-12)
Formal Operational (12+)
Sensorimotor Stage
Piaget’s Constructivist Theory
Children learn about objects through sensory information and motor activity
has six substages
First substage of sensorimotor stage?
(name and month?)
Early Reflexive Rxns (0-1 month)
Second substage of sensorimotor stage?
(name and month?)
Primary Circular Reactions
(1 to 4 months)
Third substage of sensorimotor stage?
(name, months)
Secondary Circular Reactions
(4 to 8 months)
Fourth substage of sensorimotor stage
(name; months)
Coordination of secondary circular reactions
(8-12 months)
Fifth substage of sensorimotor stage
(name; month)
Tertiary Circular Reactions
(12 to 18 months)
Sixth substage of sensorimotor stage
(name, months)
Emergence of Representational Thought
(18-24 months)
Early Reflexive reactions (0-1 month)
gain control and practice reflexive behaviors
Primary Circular Reactions (1 - 4 months)
discover pleasurable actions (thumbsucking) then repeat them
Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
Discover actions involving obects then repeat them
(shaking rattle)
Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions
(8-12 months)
combine secondary circular reactions to meet a goal
(uncover rattle then reach for it)
Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
Infants deliberately change an action to discover the consequences
(dropping a ball from different heights)
Emergence of Representation Thought
(18-24 months)
Infants develop mental representations that allow them to think of past objects not in present
In the preoperational stage infants develop…
(2-7 years)
- symbolic function (words, images stand for another)
- pretend play
Preoperational stage is limited by…
transductive reasoning–2 events that happen at the same time are causal
egocentrism–inability of children to understand that others don’t experience things the same way they do
Transductive reasoning and egocentrism in the preoperation stage leads to…
animism and magical thinking
What is conservation?
understanding that the underlying properties of an object don’t change even if physical appearances do
develops in concrete operational stage (7-12)
Requires decentration and reversibility
In addition to transductive reasoning and egocentrism, children in the preoperational stage are unable to use this ability ______.
conservation
A lack of conservation in the preoperational stage is due to these two cognitive errors:
_____ and _____
- centration (overfocus on one detail and neglect other features)
- irreversibility
Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12 years) is characterized by the development of ….
______ and ______
which allows for the ability of
___________
decentration and reversibility
conservation
Sequential development of conservation….
length, liquid, mass, area, weight, volume
horizontal decalage
Formal Operational Stage (12+ years age)
Characterized by being able to think logically about abstract information
Hyothetical deductive reasoning
Propositional thought
What does the hypothetical-deductive reasoning ability of the formal operational stage entail?
ability to arrive and test alternative explanations for observed events
What does the propositional thought ability of the formal operational stage entail?
ability to evaluate logical validity of verbal statements without making reference to real-world circumstances
Formal Operational Stage involves this error in thinking…
adolescent egocentrism
driven by imaginary audience and personal fable
Information Processing Theories of Cognitive Development
- human cognitive process similar to a computer
- use logical rules but have limited capacity for amount of information
- we become better information processors by changes to our hardware and software (biological systems and experiences)
Piaget’s Constructivist Theory vs. Information Processing Theory
Information Processing focuses on specific cog. processes (memory, attention)
IP emphasizes quantitative changes in cognition rather than qualitative changes in cognition
Neo-Piagetian theories of Cognitive Development
Combine Piaget and information processing theories
- Constructivistic approach of stages that represent qualitative changes in cognition
- Emphasize changes in specific cog. processes
Ex. increased capacity for working memory is due to a combination of brain maturation and experience
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
- cognition is dependent on social, cultural , and historical context
- learning occurs at the interpersonal and intrapersonal level
- children’s “private speech” that guides actions starts off as overt but becomes covert
Theories of Personality Development
Freud’s Psychosexual Development
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
Trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, ego integrity
Freud’s Psychosexual Development
Oral (0-1 yr)
Anal (1-3 yr)
Phallic (3-6 yr)
Latency (6-12 yr)
Genital (12+ yr)
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
(years 0 to 6)
- Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 years)
- Autonomy and Shame (1-3 yrs)
- Initiative vs Guilt (3-6 yrs)
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
(years 6-YA)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 yrs)
- Identity vs. Identity Confusion (12+ yrs)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (YA)
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
(years MA, OA)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (MA)
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair (OA)
Comparing ages 0 to 3
Freud vs. Erikson
- Oral (0-1)—-Trust vs. Mistrust
- Anal (1-3)—–Autonomy vs. Shame
Comparing ages 3-12+
Freud vs. Erikson
- Phallic (3-6)—Initiative vs. Guilt
- Latency (6-12)—–Industry vs. Inferiority
- Genital (12+)—-Identity vs. Identity Confusion…
Oral (0-1 yr)
Freud’s Psychosexual Development
- Baby gets sensual pleasure with mouth, tounge
- Fixation = thumb sucking and fingernail biting
Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 yr)
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
- Responsive parenting and pleasurable feeding makes infant feel caregivers are predictable and good
- Mistrust = too long to be comforted
Anal (1-3 yr)
Freud Psychosocial Development
Pleasure from anal (toilet training conflicts)
Fixation = anal retentive or expulsive
Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3 yrs)
Erikson’s psychosocial development
- Greater exploration and independence
- Parent provides opportunities for free choice
- Fixation = shame or restrictions
Phallic (3-6 yrs)
Freud Psychosexual Development
- pleasure from genital stimulation
- sexual desire for parent (oedipal or electra)
- Resolved when super ego identifies with same sex parent
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 yrs)
Erikson’s Psychosocial development
- make believe play
- parents support sense of purpose
- Guilt = too many demands on self control
Latency (6-12)
Freud’s Psychosexual development
- Sexual instincts repressed
- Solidifies superego by playing with same sex child and assimilate societal values
Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12)
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
- Develop capacity productivity and cooperation
- Inferiority when peers/ppl don’t foster feelings of competency and mastery
Genital stage (12+)
Freud’s Psychosexual Development
- Sexual drive of phallic stage activated
- If earlier stages were ok teen matures healthy sexuality
Identity vs. Identity Confusion (12+)
Freud’s Psychosexual Development
Tasks of earlier stages integrate into lasting sense of identity
Intimacy vs. Isolation (YA)
Erikson’s psychosocial development
relationships with others foster identity and connectedness
inability to establish relationship = fear of rejection and isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation (MA)
Erikson’s Psychosocial development
Contribute to younger generation through child-rearing, mentor, teach, productive work
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (OA)
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
Feeling life was worthwhile vs. despair, regret, dissatisfaction
Moria’s/Erikson’s Identity Status
Identity Diffusion (no thought)
Identity Foreclosure (parent decides)
Identity Moratorium (don’t know, confused, skeptical)
Identity Achievement (identity resolved)
Kohlberg is known for…
Theories of Moral Development
(Preconventional, conventional, postconventional)
Erikson is known for
Psychosocial Theory of Cogntiive Development
Ainsworth is known for…
Four main attachment patterns
Gilligan is known for…
Relational Crisis for Girls
(abandon strengths and interests in response to cultural pressures)
Children begin to understand death between the ages of
7 to 9
(concrete operational stage)
What percentage of individual differences in IQ can be explained by hereditary factors?
50%
Examples of dominant genes include
dark hair, immunity to poison ivy, type B blood
Examples of recessive genes
Type O blood, red hair, congenital deafness
What are sex-linked genes?
Recessive genes that are transmitted only through the chromosome
Why is color blindness 2x as common in men than in women?
Color blindness is a recessive sex-linked gene. Women have an additional X that increases chances of a dominant veersion.
Gene-linked abnormalities
Huntington’s Disease (dominant)
Phenylketonuria (recessive)
Tay Sachs, sickle-cell, cystic fibrosis (recessive)
Huntington’s disease
Gene-linnked abnormality
caused by dominant gene
child has 50% chance of inheriting
Phenylketonuria
- Gene-linked abnormality
- body cannot digest the amino acid phenylalanine
- toxic to the brain and can cause ID
Chromosomal Abnormality examples
Down Syndrome
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Klinefelter Syndrome
Turner Syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome
Down Syndrome
Extra #21 chromosome
Prader Willi Syndrome
- deletion of paternal chromosome 15
- causes mental retardation,
- overeating, obesity, hypogonad, obsessive compulsive,
- narrow forehead, small hands
Klinefelter Syndrome
Sex Chromosome abnormality
- Affects males
- Extra X chromosome
- Infertile and incomplete development of secondary sex characteristics
Turner Syndrome
Sex Chromosome Abnormality
- Affects Females
- Part or all of X chromosome missing
- No sec. sexual characteristics, infertile, webbed kneck
Fragile X syndrome
Sex chromosome abnormality
- Both males and females
- Weak site on X chromosome
- Mental retardation, facial deformity, stacatto speech/rhythm
What gene linked or chromosomal abnormalities can cause mental retardation?
- Phenylketonuria (gene-linked)
- Down Syndrome (chromosomal)
- Prader-Willi (chromsomal)
- Fragile X Syndome (sex-linked)
Periods of Fetal Development (name and time span)
Germinal Period (8-10 days after conception)
Embryonic Period (End of 2nd week to 8th week)
Fetal Period (9th week to birth)
Teratogens effects in the germinal period
(8-10 days after conception)
- Teratogens only damage a few cells
- Either little to no effect on development OR affects many cells and causes organism death
Teratogens effects on embryonic period
(End of 2nd week to 8th week)
- Structural defects in developing organs
- CNS vulnerable starting now to fetal period
Teratogens effects on fetal period development
(9th week to birth)
- Organ systems less affected
- Impaired organ functioning, delayed growth, imparied intellect, emotions (think DD)
Kids born premature catch up to peers by ___ or ___ years old
2 or 3 years old
Prematurity is defined as being born before ______ weeks.
37 weeks
Small for gestational age is defined as having a birth weight that is…
Below 10th percentile
greater risk compared to premature babies
Risk factors associated with being small for gestational age
- asphyxia during birth
- DD
- respiratory disease
- impaired vision and hearing
Fetal Distress is defined as
Prolonged anoxia
Associated features include abnormal slowing of labor, irregular heartbeat, sustance in amniotic fluid
Fetal Distress can result in…
cogntive and motor impairment
epilepsy
cerebral palsy
Microsystem
child’s immediate environment (family, peers, school)
Mesossystem
interconnection between components of microsystem
Exosystem
Parts of the child’s evironment that the child is not in
(parent’s workplace, neighbors, comm services)
Macrosystem
aspects of society that affect development
(racism, socioeconomic conditions, cultural standards or child rearing)
Prenatal malnutrition during the 1st trimester (first 12 weeks) can result in…
Spontaneous abortion
Neural tube defect
heart, kidney, organ abnormalities
Prenatal malnutrition during the 3rd trimester (28 to 40+ weeks) can result in…
- Low birth weight
- Low brain size and weight
General risks of prenatal malnutrition includes…
cardiovascular disease
diabetes
other chronic diseases
Brain decreaes in weight at ____ years and ____ years due to decreases in neurons
30 years
60 years
List Infant reflexes
Palmar grasp–grasps finger
Babinski reflex–stroke foot; extend big toe
Moro (startle) reflex–arches back when head dropped
Rooting–turn head in direction of cheek stroke
At what age can children walk without help…
12-14 months
at what age can children walk upstairs with hand being held
18 months
at what age can children walk upstairs alone?
24 months
Vision development in infants
- See 20 feet @ birth
- Detect colors @ 2-3 months
- Depth Perception @ 6 months
- Visual Acuity @ 1 year
At what age do adults become farsighted?
age 40
Problematic drug use frequency in adolescents
alcohol–>tobacco–> marijuania–>cocaine meth
Memory in infants
Birth: Recognition Memory
2-3 months: Cued Recall
2-3 years: Episodic memory of events weeks or months earlier
Infantile amnesia is when adults don’t recall anything before ____ years of age.
3 or 4
Declines in Memory in adulthood
- Recent long term memory > WM
- specifically episodic losses > semantic or procedural*
- Remote long term mem and primary mem (STM) not affected by age
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
logical-math
musical
bodily-kinesthetic
spatial
interpersonal
intrapersonal
naturalist
Sternberg’s Triarchic Model
Componential/Analytical–process, analyze information
Experiential/Creative–unfamiliar tasks
Contextual/Practical–respond to environment
Guilford’s Structure of Intelligence
convergent (1 answer)
divergent (+ answers)
Intelligence and genetics+environment concordance for twins
Identical Twins reared together: .85
Identical Twins reared apart: .68
Fraternal twins reared together: .58
Genetic and environmetal factors IQ concordance for siblings
Siblings raised together: .45
Siblings raised apart: .24
Genetic and environmetal factors IQ concordance for parent and child
- biological parent and child together: .39
- biological parent and child apart: .22
- adoptive parent: .18
Seperation anxiety begins at
6 months
seperation anxiety peaks at
14-18 months
stranger anxiety begins at…`
10 months
Stranger anxeity peaks at…
18-24 months
Social Referencing (visual cliff experiment) begins at age…
6 months
When a mother leaves the room a secure-attached child will
be distressed and seek contact with mom when they return
With a stranger and mom present, a secure attached child will…
be friendly to stranger when mom is present
When a mother leaves an Avoidant attachment style baby will…
not be distressed and avoid contact with mother when she returns
How will a baby with an avoidant detachment style will act toward a stranger?
may or may not be wary of a stranger
How will a resistant baby act when mom is present?
distressed when mom leaves; ambivalent when mom returns
how will a resistant baby act in the presence of strangers?
wary of strangers; even if mom is present
how will a disorganized baby act with their mother
alternate between indifferance and proximity-seeking with mother
Intelligence Theories
Intelligence Tests
