Developmental Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Theories of Moral Development
Social and Emotional Development
A
Piaget’s Moral Development
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
2
Q
Stages of Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development
Moral Development
A
Premoral (0-5)
Heteronomous (begins 5)
Autonomous ( begins 10-11)
3
Q
Premoral Stage
Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development
A
limited understanding of rules
0-5 years old
4
Q
Heteronomous stage
Piaget’s stages of Moral Development
A
- Rules are absolute and unchangeable
- How bad an action is based on how severe the consequence
- starts age 5
5
Q
A
6
Q
Autonomous stage of Moral Development
Piaget’s Moral Development Stages
A
Rules are agreements between people; alterable
begin age 10 or 11
7
Q
What age do children intentionally lie according to Piaget?
A
Age 7
(but actually research suggests children age 3 or 4 lie to avoid punishment)
8
Q
Levels of Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development
A
Level 1: Preconventional
Level 2: Conventional
Level 3: Post Conventional
9
Q
Age of transition from conventional to postconventional moral level?
Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development
A
late adolescent to early adulthood
10
Q
Age of transition from preconventional to conventional moral level?
Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development
A
10 or 11 years old
11
Q
Convetional level children determine good vs. bad actions based on the….
Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development
A
If they are liked by other; in accordance with rules and laws
12
Q
Postconventional level adolescents determine good vs. bad actions based on the….
Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development
A
democratic laws and universal principles
13
Q
Preconventional level children determine good vs. bad actions based on the….
Kolhberg’s Theory of Moral Development
A
Consequences
Punished = bad action
Rewarded = good action
Similar to heteronomous stage of Piaget’s model for 5-10 year olds
14
Q
Attachment Theories
A
- Contact Comfort (Zimmerman)
- Ethological Theory-Biological Progressive Attachment (Bowlby)
- Feeding (Freud)
- Internal Working Model (Bowlby)
15
Q
Attachment develops around what age?
A
6 or 7 months
16
Q
“Social Referencing” (i.e. “visual cliff” behavior) develops at what age?
Attachment Signs
A
6 months
17
Q
Separation Anxiety develops at what age?
Peaks at what age?
Attachment Signs
A
6 months
14-18 months
18
Q
Outcomes of prolonged separation based on age.
no damage vs. damage?
A
Seperation before 3 months = o.k.
Seperation after 9 months = mod. to severe
19
Q
Stages of response to prolonged separation (Bowlby)
A
Protest
Despair
Detachment
20
Q
Four attachment patterns in childhood
Based on Ainsworth strange situatio
A
- Secure Attachement
- Anxious/Avoidance
- Anxious/Resistant
- Disorganized/Disoriented
21
Q
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
A
- alternate between avoidance and proximity
- appear dazed, confused, apprehensive
often maltreated by caregivers
22
Q
Anxious/Resistant Attachment
A
- anxious when Mom present
- distress when Mom leaves; ambivalent when return
- wary of strangers even when Mom present
Caused by inconsistent response of enthusiasm vs. indfference
23
Q
Anxious/Avoidant Attachment
A
- no exploration (uninterested in environ)
- no distress when Mom leaves; avoid contact when return
- may or may not be wary of strangers
24
Q
Secure Attachment
A
- Explore with or without Mom
- Distress when Mom leaves; contact when return
- Prefers mom to strangers but friendly when Mom present
25
**Secure/Autonomous Attachment**
Adult Attachment Styles
* coherent description of early attachment relationships
* integrate pos. and neg. experiences
* not angry
*Children are secure*
26
**Preoccupied Attachment Style**
Adult Attachment Styles
* confused, incoherent, angry
* childhood involved disappointment and role reversal
*children Anxious/Resistant Ambivalent*
27
**Dismissing Attachment**
Adult Attachment Styles
* guarded and defensive
* idealize parent but no concrete examples
*3/4 of children are anxious/avoidant*
28
**Unresolved Attachment Style**
Adult Attachment Styles
* adults experienced severe trauma and not resolved trauma
* childhood abusive or neglectful
*children disorganized or disoriented*
29
30
Early Emotions (birth)
interest, disgust, distress,
sadness, joy, surprise, fear
31
Early Emotions (15 months to 2 years)
self-conscious/social emotions
envy, empathy, embarassment
32
Theories of Language Development
Behavioral Theories
Nativist Theories (Chomsky)
Cogntive Theories (Bowerman)
33
Behavioral Theories of Language
Language = reinforcement and imitation
*ex. motherese and recasting*
34
Nativist Theories of Language
Language = innate, biologically determined, sensitive period
ex. LAD from Chomsky
35
Cognitive Theories of Language Development
Bowerman states language is used to express cognition already formulated in mind; independent from language
36
Children are born with 3 cries
basic (hunger)
pain
angry
37
Children learn to cry for attention at ____ weeks
3 weeks
38
Sequence of Language Development (1 month to 9 months)
Cooing (1-2);
Babbling (4-6),
Echolalia and Expressive Jargon (9+)
39
Sequence of Language Development (10 months to 24 months)
## Footnote
First Words (10-15 months)
Holophrastic Speech (single words used to express sentences; 12-18; 1yr),
Telegraphic Speech (uses two words to express sentence: 18-24; 1.5 yr)
40
Sequence of Language Development
Cooing (1-2); Babbling (4-6),
Echolalia and Expressive Jargon (9+)
First Words (10-15 months)
Holophrastic Speech (single words used to express sentences12-18; 1yr), Telegraphic Speech (uses two words to express sentence 18-24; 1.5 yr)
Rapid Vocabulary (30-36/3 yrs)
Develpt of Complex Grammar (36-48; 3-4 yrs)
41
Sequence of Language Development (3-4 years)
Rapid Vocabulary (30-36/3 yrs)
Develpt of Complex Grammar (36-48; 3-4 yrs)
42
**1 month** early motor development
turns head
grasp reflex
43
**3 months** motor development
head bob
holds rattle
44
**5 months** early development
head erect and steady
plays with toys
45
**7 months** motor development
Sits
Transfers objects in hand
46
**9-10 months** early development
Pulls self to stand
uses thumb and index finger
47
**11-15 months** motor development
Walks using furniture
builds tower of blocks
48
49
**18-24 months** motor development
walk up stairs
uses toilet and spoon
50
Cognitive Theories of Development
Piaget's constructiv. theory
Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory
Information Processing theory
Neo-Piagetian theories
51
What are **Piaget's stages of cognitive** **development**?
Sensorimotor (0-2)
Preoperational ( 2-7)
Concrete Operational (7-12)
Formal Operational (12+)
52
Sensorimotor Stage
**Piaget's Constructivist Theory**
Children learn about objects through sensory information and motor activity
*has six substages*
53
**First substage** of sensorimotor stage?
(name and month?)
Early Reflexive Rxns (0-1 month)
54
**Second substage** of sensorimotor stage?
(name and month?)
Primary Circular Reactions
(1 to 4 months)
55
**Third substage** of sensorimotor stage?
(name, months)
Secondary Circular Reactions
(4 to 8 months)
56
**Fourth substage** of sensorimotor stage
(name; months)
Coordination of secondary circular reactions
(8-12 months)
57
**Fifth substage** of sensorimotor stage
(name; month)
Tertiary Circular Reactions
(12 to 18 months)
58
**Sixth substage** of sensorimotor stage
(name, months)
Emergence of Representational Thought
(18-24 months)
59
Early Reflexive reactions (0-1 month)
gain control and practice reflexive behaviors
60
Primary Circular Reactions (1 - 4 months)
discover pleasurable actions (thumbsucking) then repeat them
61
Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
Discover actions involving obects then repeat them
(shaking rattle)
62
Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions
(8-12 months)
combine secondary circular reactions to meet a goal
(uncover rattle then reach for it)
63
Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
Infants deliberately change an action to discover the consequences
(dropping a ball from different heights)
64
Emergence of Representation Thought
(18-24 months)
Infants develop **mental representations** that allow them to **think of past objects** not in present
65
In the preoperational stage infants develop...
(2-7 years)
* symbolic function (words, images stand for another)
* pretend play
66
Preoperational stage is limited by...
transductive reasoning--2 events that happen at the same time are causal
egocentrism--inability of children to understand that others don't experience things the same way they do
67
**Transductive reasoning** and **egocentrism** in the preoperation stage leads to...
animism and magical thinking
68
What is **conservation**?
understanding that the underlying properties of an object don't change even if physical appearances do
develops in concrete operational stage (7-12)
Requires decentration and reversibility
69
In addition to transductive reasoning and egocentrism, children in the preoperational stage are unable to use this ability \_\_\_\_\_\_.
**conservation**
70
A lack of **conservation** in the preoperational stage is due to these two cognitive errors:
\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_
* **centration** (overfocus on one detail and neglect other features)
* **irreversibility**
71
Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12 years) is characterized by the development of ....
\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
which allows for the ability of
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
decentration and reversibility
conservation
72
Sequential development of conservation....
length, liquid, mass, area, weight, volume
*horizontal decalage*
73
Formal Operational Stage (12+ years age)
Characterized by being able to think logically about abstract information
**Hyothetical deductive reasoning**
**Propositional thought**
74
What does the **hypothetical-deductive** reasoning ability of the formal operational stage entail?
ability to arrive and test **alternative explanations** for **observed events**
75
What does the **propositional thought** ability of the formal operational stage entail?
ability to **evaluate logical validity** of verbal statements **without** making reference to **real-world circumstances**
76
**Formal Operational Stage** involves this error in thinking...
**adolescent egocentrism**
driven by *imaginary audience* and *personal fable*
77
**Information Processing Theories** of Cognitive Development
* human **cognitive process similar** to a computer
* use **logical rules** but have limited capacity for amount of information
* we become better information processors by changes to our hardware and software (**biological systems and experiences**)
78
Piaget's Constructivist Theory vs. Information Processing Theory
Information Processing focuses on s**pecific cog. processes** (memory, attention)
IP emphasizes **quantitative changes** in **cognition** rather than qualitative changes in cognition
79
**Neo-Piagetian theories** of Cognitive Development
*Combine Piaget and information processing theories*
* Constructivistic approach of stages that represent qualitative changes in cognition
* Emphasize changes in specific cog. processes
*Ex. increased capacity for working memory is due to a combination of brain maturation and experience*
80
## Footnote
**Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory**
* cognition is dependent on social, cultural , and historical context
* learning occurs at the **interpersonal** and **intrapersonal** level
* **children's "private speech"** that guides actions starts off as **overt but becomes covert**
81
**Theories of Personality Development**
**Freud's Psychosexual Development**
*oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital*
**Erikson's Psychosocial Development**
Trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, ego integrity
82
Freud's Psychosexual Development
**Oral** (0-1 yr)
**Anal** (1-3 yr)
**Phallic** (3-6 yr)
**Latency** (6-12 yr)
**Genital** (12+ yr)
83
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
(years 0 to 6)
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 years)
2. Autonomy and Shame (1-3 yrs)
3. Initiative vs Guilt (3-6 yrs)
84
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
(years 6-YA)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 yrs)
5. Identity vs. Identity Confusion (12+ yrs)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (YA)
85
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
(years MA, OA)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (MA)
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (OA)
86
Comparing ages 0 to 3
Freud vs. Erikson
1. Oral (0-1)----Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Anal (1-3)-----Autonomy vs. Shame
87
Comparing ages 3-12+
Freud vs. Erikson
1. Phallic (3-6)---Initiative vs. Guilt
2. Latency (6-12)-----Industry vs. Inferiority
3. Genital (12+)----Identity vs. Identity Confusion...
88
**Oral (0-1 yr)**
Freud's Psychosexual Development
* Baby gets sensual pleasure with mouth, tounge
* **Fixation** = thumb sucking and fingernail biting
89
**Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 yr)**
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
* Responsive parenting and pleasurable feeding makes infant feel **caregivers** are **predictable and good**
* **Mistrust = too long to be comforted**
90
Anal (1-3 yr)
*Freud Psychosocial Development*
Pleasure from anal (toilet training conflicts)
Fixation = anal retentive or expulsive
91
Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3 yrs)
*Erikson's psychosocial development*
* Greater exploration and independence
* Parent provides opportunities for free choice
* **Fixation = shame or restrictions**
92
Phallic (3-6 yrs)
*Freud Psychosexual Development*
* pleasure from genital stimulation
* sexual desire for parent (oedipal or electra)
* **Resolved when super ego identifies with same sex parent**
93
**Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 yrs)**
Erikson's Psychosocial development
* make believe play
* parents support **sense of purpose**
* **Guilt =** too many demands on self control
94
Latency (6-12)
*Freud's Psychosexual development*
* **Sexual instincts repressed**
* Solidifies superego by **playing with same sex child** and assimilate societal values
95
Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12)
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
* Develop capacity productivity and cooperation
* **Inferiority** when peers/ppl **don't foster** feelings of **competency and mastery**
96
Genital stage (12+)
Freud's Psychosexual Development
* Sexual drive of phallic stage activated
* If earlier stages were ok teen matures healthy sexuality
97
**Identity vs. Identity Confusion (12+)**
Freud's Psychosexual Development
Tasks of earlier stages integrate into **lasting sense of identity**
98
Intimacy vs. Isolation (YA)
Erikson's psychosocial development
relationships with others foster identity and connectedness
inability to establish relationship = fear of rejection and isolation
99
Generativity vs. Stagnation (MA)
Erikson's Psychosocial development
Contribute to younger generation through child-rearing, mentor, teach, productive work
100
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (OA)
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
Feeling life was worthwhile vs. despair, regret, dissatisfaction
101
Moria's/Erikson's Identity Status
Identity Diffusion (no thought)
Identity Foreclosure (parent decides)
Identity Moratorium (don't know, confused, skeptical)
Identity Achievement (identity resolved)
102
Kohlberg is known for...
Theories of Moral Development
(Preconventional, conventional, postconventional)
103
Erikson is known for
Psychosocial Theory of Cogntiive Development
104
Ainsworth is known for...
Four main attachment patterns
105
Gilligan is known for...
Relational Crisis for Girls
(abandon strengths and interests in response to cultural pressures)
106
Children begin to understand death between the ages of
7 to 9
(concrete operational stage)
107
What percentage of individual differences in IQ can be explained by hereditary factors?
50%
108
Examples of dominant genes include
dark hair, immunity to poison ivy, type B blood
109
Examples of recessive genes
Type O blood, red hair, congenital deafness
110
What are sex-linked genes?
Recessive genes that are transmitted only through the chromosome
111
Why is color blindness 2x as common in men than in women?
Color blindness is a recessive sex-linked gene. Women have an additional X that increases chances of a dominant veersion.
112
Gene-linked abnormalities
Huntington's Disease (dominant)
Phenylketonuria (recessive)
Tay Sachs, sickle-cell, cystic fibrosis (recessive)
113
Huntington's disease
Gene-linnked abnormality
caused by dominant gene
child has 50% chance of inheriting
114
Phenylketonuria
* Gene-linked abnormality
* body cannot digest the amino acid phenylalanine
* toxic to the brain and can cause ID
115
Chromosomal Abnormality examples
Down Syndrome
Prader-Willi Syndrome
-------
Klinefelter Syndrome
Turner Syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome
116
Down Syndrome
Extra #21 chromosome
117
Prader Willi Syndrome
* deletion of paternal chromosome 15
* causes mental retardation,
* overeating, obesity, hypogonad, obsessive compulsive,
* narrow forehead, small hands
118
Klinefelter Syndrome
*Sex Chromosome abnormality*
* Affects males
* **Extra X** chromosome
* Infertile and incomplete development of secondary sex characteristics
119
Turner Syndrome
Sex Chromosome Abnormality
* Affects Females
* Part or all of **X chromosome missing**
* No sec. sexual characteristics, infertile, webbed kneck
120
Fragile X syndrome
*Sex chromosome abnormality*
* Both males and females
* Weak site on X chromosome
* Mental retardation, facial deformity, stacatto speech/rhythm
121
What gene linked or chromosomal abnormalities can cause **mental retardation**?
* Phenylketonuria (gene-linked)
* Down Syndrome (chromosomal)
* Prader-Willi (chromsomal)
* Fragile X Syndome (sex-linked)
122
Periods of Fetal Development (name and time span)
Germinal Period (8-10 days after conception)
Embryonic Period (End of 2nd week to 8th week)
Fetal Period (9th week to birth)
123
Teratogens effects in the germinal period
(*8-10 days after conception*)
* Teratogens **only damage a few cells**
* Either **little to no effect** on development OR affects many cells and causes **organism death**
124
Teratogens effects on embryonic period
*(End of 2nd week to 8th week)*
* **Structural defects** in developing organs
* **CNS vulnerable** starting now to fetal period
125
Teratogens effects on fetal period development
(9th week to birth)
* Organ systems less affected
* Impaired organ functioning, delayed growth, imparied intellect, emotions (think DD)
126
Kids born premature catch up to peers by ___ or ___ years old
2 or 3 years old
127
Prematurity is defined as being born before ______ weeks.
37 weeks
128
Small for gestational age is defined as having a birth weight that is...
Below 10th percentile
*greater risk compared to premature babies*
129
**Risk factors** associated with being **small for gestational** age
* asphyxia during birth
* DD
* respiratory disease
* impaired vision and hearing
130
Fetal Distress is defined as
Prolonged anoxia
Associated features include abnormal slowing of labor, irregular heartbeat, sustance in amniotic fluid
131
Fetal Distress can result in...
cogntive and motor impairment
epilepsy
cerebral palsy
132
Microsystem
child's immediate environment (family, peers, school)
133
Mesossystem
interconnection between components of microsystem
134
Exosystem
Parts of the child's evironment that the child is not in
(parent's workplace, neighbors, comm services)
135
Macrosystem
aspects of society that affect development
(racism, socioeconomic conditions, cultural standards or child rearing)
136
Prenatal malnutrition during the 1st trimester (first 12 weeks) can result in...
Spontaneous abortion
Neural tube defect
heart, kidney, organ abnormalities
137
Prenatal malnutrition during the 3rd trimester (28 to 40+ weeks) can result in...
* Low birth weight
* Low brain size and weight
138
General risks of prenatal malnutrition includes...
cardiovascular disease
diabetes
other chronic diseases
139
Brain decreaes in weight at ____ years and ____ years due to decreases in neurons
30 years
60 years
140
List Infant reflexes
Palmar grasp--grasps finger
Babinski reflex--stroke foot; extend big toe
Moro (startle) reflex--arches back when head dropped
Rooting--turn head in direction of cheek stroke
141
At what age can children walk without help...
12-14 months
142
at what age can children walk upstairs with hand being held
18 months
143
at what age can children walk upstairs alone?
24 months
144
Vision development in infants
* See 20 feet @ birth
* Detect colors @ 2-3 months
* Depth Perception @ 6 months
* Visual Acuity @ 1 year
145
At what age do adults become farsighted?
age 40
146
Problematic drug use frequency in adolescents
alcohol--\>tobacco--\> marijuania--\>cocaine meth
147
Memory in infants
## Footnote
Birth: Recognition Memory
2-3 months: Cued Recall
2-3 years: Episodic memory of events weeks or months earlier
148
Infantile amnesia is when adults don't recall anything before ____ years of age.
3 or 4
149
Declines in Memory in adulthood
* Recent long term memory \> WM
* specifically episodic losses \> semantic or procedural*
* **Remote long term** mem and **primary mem (STM) not affected** by age
150
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
logical-math
musical
bodily-kinesthetic
spatial
interpersonal
intrapersonal
naturalist
151
**Sternberg's Triarchic Model**
**Componential/Analytical**--process, analyze information
**Experiential/Creative**--unfamiliar tasks
**Contextual/Practical**--respond to environment
152
Guilford's Structure of Intelligence
convergent (1 answer)
divergent (+ answers)
153
Intelligence and genetics+environment concordance for **twins**
Identical Twins reared together: .**85**
Identical Twins reared apart: **.68**
Fraternal twins reared together: **.58**
154
Genetic and environmetal factors IQ concordance for siblings
Siblings raised together: **.45**
Siblings raised apart: **.24**
155
Genetic and environmetal factors IQ concordance for **parent and child**
* biological parent and child together: .39
* biological parent and child apart: .22
* adoptive parent: .18
156
Seperation anxiety begins at
6 months
157
seperation anxiety peaks at
14-18 months
158
stranger anxiety begins at...`
10 months
159
Stranger anxeity peaks at...
18-24 months
160
Social Referencing (visual cliff experiment) begins at age...
6 months
161
When a mother leaves the room a **secure-attached** child will
be distressed and seek contact with mom when they return
162
With a stranger and mom present, a secure attached child will...
be friendly to stranger when mom is present
163
When a mother leaves an Avoidant attachment style baby will...
not be distressed and avoid contact with mother when she returns
164
How will a baby with an avoidant detachment style will act toward a stranger?
may or may not be wary of a stranger
165
How will a resistant baby act when mom is present?
distressed when mom leaves; ambivalent when mom returns
166
how will a resistant baby act in the presence of strangers?
wary of strangers; even if mom is present
167
how will a disorganized baby act with their mother
alternate between indifferance and proximity-seeking with mother
168
Intelligence Theories
169
Intelligence Tests
