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EPPP 2019 > Clinical Psychology > Flashcards

Clinical Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

etic

A

“universal” all ppl from different cultures are the same

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2
Q

emic

A

emic stands for “empathy”; culture-specific therapy

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3
Q

Allostatic

A

adapt to the environment by changing the environment

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4
Q

autoplastic

A

adapt to the environment by “self change”; changing your responses/behavior

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5
Q

Helm’s Racial Identity Model (stages)

A

Contact

Disintegration

Reintegration

Pseudo-independence

Immersion-Emersion:

Autonomy:

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6
Q

Contact Phase

A

“color-blind”; unaware of racial differences

First stage of Helm’s Racial Identity model

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7
Q

Disintegration stage

A

greater awareness of inequality; leads to a sense of dissonance and moral conflict

Second stage of HRIM

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8
Q

Reintegration stage

A

Resolve moral conflict by believing that whites are better

3rd stage in HRIM

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9
Q

Pseudo-independence

A

**Triggered by an event

dissatisfied with racist views but still judge minorities by white standards

4th stage in HRIM

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10
Q

Immersion-Emersion

A

explore what it means to be white; how they can be proud of being white without being racist

5th stage in HRIM

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11
Q

Autonomy

HRIM

A

internalize non-racist white identity;

understand the strengths and weaknesses of white culture

6th stage in HRIM

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12
Q

Conversion V on MMPI

A

scale 1 (hypochondriasis) and scale 3 (hysteria) high;

scale 2 (depression) low

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13
Q

Passive Aggressive V on MMPI

A

Scale 4 (psychopathic deviate/antisocial) and scale 6 high (paranoia);

scale 5 low (masculine/feminine)

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14
Q

Psychotic V or “paranoid valley” on MMPI

A

Scale 6 (paranoia) and 8 (schizophrenia ) high;

scale 7 (psychosthenia–irrational fears; obsessive compulsive anxiety) low

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15
Q

defensive profile

A

F scale lower than scores on L and K scale

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16
Q

Types of cognitions

Beck’s CBT

A

schemas

automatic thoughts

cognitive distortions

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17
Q

Schemas definition

Becks Cognitive Behavior Therapy

A

core beleifs that determine how something is perceived or conceptualized

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18
Q

Maladaptive schemas

A

create inaccurate interpretations and conclusions

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19
Q

Adaptive schemas

A

Efficient information processing and realistic evaluation

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20
Q

Automatic thoughts based on maladatpive schemas…

Beck’s Cognitive Behavior Therapy

A

lead to dsyfunctional emotional and behavioral responses

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21
Q

Negative triad

Beck’s Cognitive Behavior Therapy

A

negative thoughts about

oneself

the world

the future

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22
Q

Cognitive distortions

A

Arbitrary Inference

Selective abstraction

Overgeneralization

Personalization

Dichotomous thinking

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23
Q

Arbitrary Inference

Cognitive distortions; Beck CBT

A

No evidence but drawing conclusions

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24
Q

Selective abstraction

Cognitive distortions; Beck CBT

A

focus on negative details and ignore other info

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25
Q

Overgeneralization

Cognitive distortions; Beck CBT

A

drawing a conclusion to one event;

generalizing to all events

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26
Q

Dichotomous thinking

Cognitive distortion; Beck CBT

A

categorizing to the extreme

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27
Q

Personalization

Cognitive distortion; Beck CBT

A

external events are your fault

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28
Q

Behavioral Techniques

Beck’s Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

Activity Scheduling

Behavioral Rehearsal

Exposure to feared stimuli

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29
Q

Beck’s Cognitive Techniques

A
  1. reattribution
  2. redefining the problem
  3. thought recording
  4. Socratic questioning
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30
Q

Reattribution

Beck’s CBT cog. techniques

A

finding alternative causes to events

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31
Q

Redefining

Beck’s CBT techqnies

A

restating a problem in terms of client’s ability to resolve it

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32
Q

Thought recording

Beck’s CBT techniques

A

maintaining a record of automatic thoughts, antecedents and consequences

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33
Q

Socratic questioning

Beck’s CBT techniques

A

testing validity of thoughts and feelings using inductive reasoning

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34
Q

Bowenian key word

A

Differentiation

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35
Q

Minuchin key word

A

restructuring Boundaries

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36
Q

Milan key word

A

Games

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37
Q

Four major family therapy orientations

A
  1. Extended Family Systems/Muti-generational (Bowenian)
  2. Structural (i.e., Minuchin)
  3. Strategic (i.e., Haley)
  4. Systemic (i.e., Milan)
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38
Q

Systemic Family Systems creator

A

Milan

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39
Q

Strategic Family Systems creator

A

Hayley

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40
Q

Structural Family Systems creator

A

Minuchin

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41
Q

Extended family Systems creator

A

(Bowenian)

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42
Q

Family Therapy theoretical influences

A

systems theory–interdependent subsystems with autonomy

cybernetics–feedback loops

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43
Q

negative feedback

A

maintains the status quo

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44
Q

postive feedback

A

produces instability in the system

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45
Q

equifinality

A

different processes have the same outcome

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46
Q

equipotentiality/multifinality

A

one process can have several different outcomes

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47
Q

Levels of Communication

A

report level (content; explicit behavior)

command level (nonverbal)

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48
Q

Double-bind communication

A

report level does not equal command level

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49
Q

Extended Family Systems theory

i.e., (Bowenian); Multigenerational family therapy

A

emotional processes are transmitted from one generation to the next

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50
Q

Extended Family Systems (Bowenian) primary goal

i.e., Multigenerational family therapy

A

help family members become more differentiated while remaining connected

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51
Q

Extended Family Systems (Bowenian) techniques

i.e., Multigenerational family therapy

A

genograms

process questions

relationship experiments

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52
Q

genogram

Bowenian techniques

A

visual representation of 3 generations

provides info on structures, life events, and rel. dynamics

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53
Q

Process Questions

Bowenian techniques

A

used to help family members see how they contribute to the problem and how others perceive specific situations

(i.e. “how do you react when your husband criticizes you?”

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54
Q

Process Questions are answered directly to the _________

family member VS. therapist?

Why?

A

Therapist

Minimizes emotional reaction

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55
Q

Relationship Experiments

Bowenian techniques

A

homework assignments to help practice relating to to members in more differentiated way

(i.e., discuss an unresolved conflict rather than focus on child’s behavior)

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56
Q

Bowenian Therapists _______ involvement with family members

maximize VS. minimize

A

Minimize

NO JOINING

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57
Q

How are emotional processes transmitted to the next generation in a Bowenian system?

A

Differentiation

Triangles

Nuclear family emotional system

Family projection process

Multigenerational transmission process

Emotional Cutoff

Sibling position

societal regression

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58
Q

Differentiation of Self

Bowenian concept

A
  1. High differentiation = seperate identity + connected to family
  2. Low differentiation = emotional fused
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59
Q

Triangles

Bowenian concept

A
  • 2 person system becomes unstable –> conflict
  • Bring in a third person to restore stability

(e.g., become overly involved in child to avoid facing unresolved conflict between them)

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60
Q

Nuclear family emotional system

Bowenian concept

A

Methods nuclear family uses to deal with stress + anxiety

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61
Q

Family projection process

Bowenian concept

A

projecting parental problems onto the child

results in symptomatic behavior in the child

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62
Q

Multigeneration transmission process

Bowenian concept

A

transmission of differentiation patterns from one generation to the next

“low levels of differentiation begets low levels of differentiation”

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63
Q

Emotional Cutoff

Bowenian concept

A

Family member distance themselves (physically or emotionally) to deal with conflict in the system

indicates low levels of differentiation (i.e., Andre)

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64
Q

Sibling position

Bowenian concept

A

birth order contributes to child’s personality and role in family’s emotional life

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65
Q

Societal Regression

Bowenian concept

A

impact of societal stress on society and family

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66
Q

What are “Family Structures”

Structural Therapy theoretical constructs

A

repetitive patterns of interactions between family members

forming subsystems w/i family system

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67
Q

Theoretical terms found in Structural Therapy

Structural/Minuchin Therapy

A
  1. “Family Structure”
  2. “Boundaries”
  3. Rigid Family Triads
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68
Q

Structural Therapy goal?

Minuchin Therapy

A

Restructure family and their boundaries so they are better able to respond to stress

Action over insight

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69
Q

What are the three dysfunctional coalitions in Rigid Family Triads?

Structural Therapy theoretical constructs

A

dysfunctional coalitions

  • Triangulation–each parent demands a child take a side; pulled in both directions
  • Detouring–parents reinforce deviant behavior to take away from spousal problems
  • Stable coalition–2 members gang up against other members
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70
Q

What is the definition of boundaries in structural therapy?

Structural Therapy theoretical constructs

A

implicit rules that determine contact

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71
Q

Describe the types of boundaries in Structural Therapy

Structural Therapy theoretical constructs

A

implicit rules that determine contact

  • clear–balanced separateness and connectedness
  • rigid–disengagement between family members
  • diffuse–enmeshment and excessive dependence
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72
Q

What are the three stages that the Structural Family therapist goes through?

Minuchin

A

Joining

Formulation

Restructuring (goal)

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73
Q

What techniques occur in the joining stage?

Minuchin/Structural Therapy Technique

A

build rapport

mimesis (mimick emotional state and demeanor)

tracking (using content of what family communicates)

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74
Q

In the Formulation stage the therapist identifies dysfunctional repetitive patterns through…

Minuchin/Structural Therapy Technique

A
  1. observing family interactions
  2. making family map of family structure
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75
Q

What is Restructuring?

Minuchin/Structural Therapy Technique

A

A technique that alters repetitive interactions

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76
Q

What techniues are involved in Restructuring?

Minuchin/Structural Therapy Technique

A

enactment

reframing

boundary marking

unbalancing

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77
Q

Unbalancing

Restructuring Technique

A

Taking the side of a “scapegoated” family member to alter how members act toward that person

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78
Q

Boundary Marking

Restrucuring Technique

A

Strengthening diffuse boundaries OR loosening rigid boundaries

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79
Q

Reframing

Restrucuring Technique

A

Describe undesirable behavior in a positive way; highlight advantages and disadvantages

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80
Q

Enactment

Restrucuring Technique

A

Role play dysfunctional behavior

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81
Q

Minuchin Therapists only focus on the…

A

Present

(won’t include intergeneration or family history)

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82
Q

Strategic Family Therapy theory

(Haley)

A

communications are focused on power (ability to control relationship with others)

Power is determined by hiearchies

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83
Q

Strategic Family Therapy techniques

A
  1. direct and indirect directives
  2. reframing
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84
Q

direct and indirect directives

A
  1. direct directives are orders the family will agree to follow
  2. indirect directives involve asking the family to do a behavior they will resist and so changing behavior in a desired way (e.g., prescribing the symptom)
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85
Q

Name three strategic family therapy techniques

A

direct (agree to follow)

indirect directives (manipulate)

reframing (giving problem behaviors alternative meaning)

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86
Q

Paradoxical interventions

A

Ask family to do something they will resist to change behavior in desired way (e.x., prescribing the symptom)

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87
Q

How do strategic therapists develop the course and outcome of treatment?

A

Use the first session to and go through the stages:

  1. social stage
  2. problem stage
  3. interaction stage

4 goal setting stage

  1. task setting stage
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88
Q

Social Stage

First session of Strategic Family therapy

A
  1. social stage–speak to each member and observe interactions
    * Use the first session to and go through the stages:*
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89
Q

Problem stage

First session of Strategic Family therapy

A
  1. Ask each family member about presenting problem
    * Use the first session to and go through the stages:*
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90
Q

Interaction Stage

First session of Strategic Family therapy

A
  1. Ask each family member to discuss the presenting problem
    * Use the first session to and go through the stages:*
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91
Q

Goal setting stage

First session of Strategic Family therapy

A
  1. everyone agrees on therapy goals
    * Use the first session to and go through the stages:*
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92
Q

Task setting stage

First session of Strategic Family therapy

A
  1. directives to complete at home
    * Use the first session to and go through the stages:*
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93
Q

Systemic Family Therapy theory

Milan

A

Problems with family members revolve around games that maintian homeostasis and serve a purpose

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94
Q

What are Games in systemic family therapy?

Milan

A

Repetitive behavioral interactions that serve a purpose

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95
Q

Milan Systemic Family Therapy goals

A

Change rules of the game

Therapy provided by a team

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96
Q

Milan techniques

A

hypothesizing

neutrality

circular questioning

positive connotations

paradoxical prescriptions

family rituals

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97
Q

Hypothesizing

Systemic (Milan) techniques

A

hypothesizing–question asking; revise hypothesis based on answers

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98
Q

Neutrality

Systemic (Milan) techniques

A

accept perceptions of all family members

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99
Q

Circular Questioning

Systemic (Milan) techniques

A

ask each family member their perceptions of the event

they gain new info; recog. similiarites and differences in perceptions

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100
Q

Positive Connotation

Systemic (Milan) techniques

A

Reframing a problematic behavior as beneficial or good

(note someone’s good intentions)

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101
Q

Paradoxical Prescriptions

Systemic (Milan) techniques

A

Engage in problematic behavior to understand the behavior is in their control

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102
Q

Family Rituals

Systemic (Milan) techniques

A

Tasks designed to change family games (changing who disciplines child)

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103
Q

Stuart interpersonal operant therapy

A

increase # of pos. reciprocal interactions using contingency contracts

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104
Q

Structural family therapy the therapist does what with the family system?

A

“Joins” the family system

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105
Q

How can a structural family therapist join the system?

A

Mimesis–adopt a family’s communication and affective style

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106
Q

dose-effect model of psychotherapy

A

50% of people show improvement with 6-8 sessions

75% by 26th session

85% a little over a year

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107
Q

Model of effectiveness of pyschotherapy

(3 phases)

A

Remoralization

Remediation

Rehabilitation

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108
Q

Remoralization

Phase of effectiveness in psychotherapy

A

decrease in feelings of hopelessness

occurs during first few sessions

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109
Q

Remediation

Phase Model of Psychotherapy Effectiveness

A

Symptom Relief

requires up to 16 additional sessions

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110
Q

Rehabilitation

Phase model effectiveness of psychotherapy

A

gradual improvement in longstanding maladaptive behavioral patterns

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111
Q

Verbs for each family therapist

A

Bowenian coaches

Minuchin joins

Haley directs

Milan plays games on a team

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112
Q

Displacement

A

Uncomfortable impulse is expressed on a safe target (usually the therapist)

accuse therapist of being distracted because spouse is distracted

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113
Q

Projection

A

attributing personal thoughts and beleifs to someone else

You feel angry so you feel your therapist is angry

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114
Q

Sublimation

A

Transformation of unwanted impulses or acts into something socially acceptable

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115
Q

Undoing

A

Releives anxiety about a behavior by attempting to make up for it in other areas

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116
Q

What sets REBT apart from other CBT methods?

ABC-DE

A

Disputation of irrational beleifs

acitively confront and challenge irrational beleifs

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117
Q

Topographical Model

A

conscious

preconscious

unconscious

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118
Q

Psychodynamic assumptions

A

current psychological problems can be traced back to early experiences and are due to unconscious experiences

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119
Q

Structural Theory

of psychoanalysis

A

ID

EGO

SUPEREGO

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120
Q

ID

A

unconscious biological instincts (sexual, aggressive)

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121
Q

How do we gain information about the id?

A

Deduced from dreams, slips of the tounge, and free association

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122
Q

Personality is derived from

Psychoanalysis

A

interactions between the id, the ego, and the superego

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123
Q

Ego

A

wants to gratify ID in socially acceptable ways

secondary process thinking = logical and rational

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124
Q

primary process thinking

A

unconscious, impulsive and irrational

Ex. ID

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125
Q

Secondary process thinking

A

logical and rational

Ex. Ego

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126
Q

Pleausure principle

A

Associated with the ID

seeks immediate gratification of it’s ego

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127
Q

Reality principle

A

attempts to gratify instincts in ways compatible with requirements of reality

Ex. Ego

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128
Q

Superego

A

Conscience

evolves from internalized parental prohibitions, standards, values

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129
Q

Describe the relationship between the EGO and ID

A

Ego attempts to gratify the ID’s instincts in realistic and socially acceptable ways

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130
Q

Describe the relationship between the SUPEREGO and ID

A

Superego permanently blocks the ID from socially unacceptable instincts

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131
Q

According to psychoanalysis, conflicts are caused by conflicting….

A

demands between the ID, the Superego, and reality

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132
Q

What arises when the ego is unable to reconcile conflict between the id and superego?

A

Defense Mechanisms

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133
Q

Defense mechanisms

definition

A

unconsciously distort or deny reality

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134
Q

Defense Mechanisms

examples

A

Denial, Displacement, Projection

Reaction formation, Repression, Rationalization

Regression

Sublimation

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135
Q

Displacement

(defense mechanism: Freudian)

A

unacceptable impulse expressed toward a safe target

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136
Q

Projection

defense mechanism: Freudian

A

transferring your own unacceptable feelings onto someone else

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137
Q

Goal of psychoanalysis

Procedures of Psychoanalysis: Freudian

A
  1. bring unconscious unresoved conflicts into consciousness
  2. strengthen the ego so behavior is less instinctual and more on reality
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138
Q

Targets of Analysis

Psychoanalysis: Freudian

A

free association

resistance

dreams

transference

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139
Q

Procedures of Psychoanalysis

A

Confrontation

Clarification

Interpretation

Working Through

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140
Q

Confrontation

Procedures of Psychoanalysis: Freudian

A

help clients view their behavior in new ways

*giving an interpretation*

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141
Q

Clarification

Procedures of Psychoanalysis: Freudian

A

bring behavior into sharper focus

challenge–I noticed you are late when we talk about tough topics

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142
Q

Interpretation

Procedures of Psychoanalysis: Freudian

A

explicit linking of client’s conscious behavior to unconscious processes

repeated interpretations lead to catharsis

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143
Q

Working through

Procedures of Psychoanalysis: Freudian

A

testing, accepting, and assimilating new insights

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144
Q

Other psychodynamic therapies

A

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

Adler’s Individual Psychology

Neo-Freudians

Ego Analysts

Object-Relations Theory

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145
Q

Jung’s Analytical Psychology keyword (3)

A

Collective unconscious, archetypes, individuation

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146
Q

Adler’s Individual Psychology keyword

A

Style of Life

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147
Q

Neo-Freudians keyword (3)

A

moving toward, against, away

proto,para,syntaxic

character styles

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148
Q

Ego-analyast keyword

A

ego-defensive functions

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149
Q

Object relations keyword

A

object constancy

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150
Q

Jung vs. Freud

A
  • Rejected sexual energy as primary motivator
  • More positive view of human nature
  • Believed behavior impacted by past events and future goals and aspirations
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151
Q

Structure of Psyche

(Jung Analytical Psychology)

A

Conscious

Personal Unconscious

Collective Unconscious

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152
Q

Conscious

(Jungian Analytical Psychology)

A

Ego that contians all thoughts and feelings we are aware of

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153
Q

Personal unconscious

(Jungian Analytical Psychology)

A

thoughts, feelings, attitudes that relates to a concept (e.g. power); includes complexes

influences behavior

154
Q

Collective unconscious

A

general wisdom shared by all people over time

includes archetypes

155
Q

What are achetypes?

(Jung Analytical Psychology)

A

universal mental structures that predispose ppl to react to circumstances a certain way

type of collective unconscious

156
Q

Types of archetypes

A
  1. Personas (social masks)
  2. The shadow (repressed aspects of self)
  3. anima/animus (femine/masculine aspects of self)
157
Q

Jung Personality Attitude and Functions

A

Sensing

Thinking

Feeling

Intuiting

158
Q

Goal of Jung Analytical Psychology

A

bring unconscious material to consciousness to facilitate individuation

159
Q

Individuation
(Jung Analytic Psychology)

A

Goal of therapy

integrate all unconscious and conscious apsects of self into unified whole

160
Q

Techniques for individuation involve

(Jung Analytic)

A

Interpretation

Active Imagination

Analysis of Transference

161
Q

Adler’s vs. Freud

A
  • innate social interest vs. sexual interest
  • conscious vs. unconscious processes
  • impact of future goals on current behavior (teological)
162
Q

Adler’s individual psychology is known for

A

“Style of life”

ways people strive for superiority

163
Q

How do feelings of inferiority develop in Adlerian psychology?

(psychoanalysis)

A

in childhood

in response to (real or imagined) disabilities and inadequacy

164
Q

Adlerian psychology beleives that each person has an innate drive to strive toward competence and effectiveness. This drive is called…

A

“Striving for superiority”

165
Q

Style of Life

(Adlerian)

A

ways ppl strive for superiority

166
Q

Healthy style of life is characterized by

A

goals that involve concern for personal accomplishments AND welfare of others

167
Q

unhealthy style of life is characterized by

(Adlerian)

A

self-centered goals and lack of concern for others

168
Q

When is style of life influenced>?

A

First 4 or 5 years of life.

169
Q

What parenting styles can lead to an unhealthy style of life?

A

Consistent pampering or neglect

distorts young children’s social feelings

170
Q

Adler is most concerned with

A

social interest; developing concern for others

171
Q

Goal of Adler Individual Psychology

A

Replace unhealthy SOL with healthy SOL

172
Q

Adlerian Strategies

A

Early recollection

dream interpretation

encouragement

modeling

prescribing the symptom

acting as if

173
Q

Phases of Adlerian Therapy

A
  1. Build the therapeutic relationship

2 . explore development of mistaken “style of life”

  1. develop social life
174
Q

Adlerian approach can involve

A

individual, group therapy, family therapy,

parent and teacher education

175
Q

Other Psychoanalytic approaches

A

Jung

Adlerian

Neo-Freudians

Ego Analyst

Object Relations

176
Q

Jung key terms

A

personal and collective unconscious

individuation

177
Q

Neo-freudian key terms

A

Interpersonal coping stratgies for parenting behaviors (Karen Horney)

Prototaxic, Parataxic, Syntaxtic (Harry Stack Sullivan)

Society stops individuals from realizing human nature (Erich Fromm)

Help clients build more adaptive ego defenses (Ego-Analyst)

Object Relations Theory (object constancy)

178
Q

Adlerian key terms

A

“style of life”

“social interest”

179
Q

NeoFreudians vs. Freud

A
  • low importance on instinctual drives
  • social and cultural contributions to personality
  • pos. view of human nature
  • personality affected by events throughout lifespan
180
Q

Major Neo-Freudians

A

Karen Horney

Henry Stock Sullivan

Erich Fromm

181
Q

Object Relations vs. Freud

A

behavior is motivated by a desire for human connection rather than sexual/aggressive drives

182
Q

Object relations techniques

A

Analyze resistance and transference

interpret dreams

other psychoanalytic techniques

183
Q

Object Relations–important constructs

A
  1. Object Constancy
  2. Mahler’s Seperation-Individuation
184
Q

Object Relations underlying assumption/theory

A

infants develop mental representations of self in relation to objects that influence how they relate to ppl later in life

185
Q

Object constancy

Mahler’s object relations

A

Ability to maintain positive emotional connection with object independent of:

  1. infant’s need state
  2. object’s ability to gratify child’s needs
186
Q

Mahler’s acquistion of object constancy (stages)

A
  1. Normal autistic stage
  2. Normal symbiotic stage
  3. Separation-individuation stage
187
Q

Symbiotic stage

Mahler’s acquisition of object constancy

A

aware of external environment but no differentiation between self and others (mom)

188
Q

Normal autistic stage

Mahler’s acquisition of object constancy

A

infant only aware of himself

first few weeks of life

189
Q

Separation-individuation

Mahler’s acquisition of object constancy

A

seperation: differentiates itself from mother
individuation: develops internal representation of self and other
* begins 5 months of age to 36 months*
* when pathology occurs*

190
Q

Object relations therapy goals

A

repalce maladaptive internalized representation of interpersonal relationship with healthier version to improve current relationships

191
Q

Object relations essential components

A

Client-therapiast relationship is essential;

acts as reparenting

must provide empathy, support, and acceptance

192
Q

Piaget’s stages

A

Sensorimotor (birth to toddlerhood)

Preoperational (2 to 7 years)

Concrete Operational (7-12 years)

Formal Operational (adolescents to adulthood)

193
Q

Preoperational skills

A

develop symbolic functions; one thing can stand for another

Ex. language, pretend pay, solve problems mentally

194
Q

What limitations are associated with the preoperational stage?

A

transductive reasoning

egocentrism

magical thinking

animism

centration

195
Q

What two limitations of the preoperational stage lead to magical thinking and animism?

A

transductive reasoning

egocentrism

196
Q

Transductive reasoning

A

children beleive two events that occur at the same time are causal

Preoperational Stage

197
Q

Egocentrism

A

inability to understand others do not experience things the same they we do

Preoperational stage

198
Q

What reality mistakes will kids make in the preoperation stage?

A

magical thinking

animism

199
Q

Why will children in the preoperational phase use magical thinking and animism?

A

Limitations of the preoperational stage include transductive reasoning and egocentrism

200
Q

What is magical thinking?

A

false beleif that you have control over events; that thinking about it can make it happen

characteristic of Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

201
Q

What is animism?

A

beleif that objects have thoughts, feelings, and other lifelike qualities

characteristic of Piaget’s preoperational stage

202
Q

Mistakes of the Preoperational stage

Children ages 2-7 years old

A

magical thinking

animism

conservation (due to centration and irreversibility)

203
Q

Centration

A

tendency to focus on one detail and neglect other important features

204
Q

Irreversibility

A

Inability to understand that actions can be reversed

205
Q

Cognitive working models of themselves and others is defined as…

Bowlby’s attachment models

A

Internal working models

206
Q

This skill is achieved during the concrete operational stage

A

conservation

(decentration and reversibility)

207
Q

Conservation develops sequentially during the concrete operational stage. The sequence includes:

A

conservation of numbers, length, liquid, mass, area, weight, and volume–in that order

(horizontal decalage–seq. mastering of concepts within a single stage of development)

208
Q

According to Karen Horney pathology stems from

Neo-Freudian

A

early relations in childhood

Parenting behaviors of indifference, overprotection, or rejection causes anxiety in children

209
Q

Karen Horney purports that children develop interpersonal coping strategies in response to parenting behaviors.

What are these interpersonal coping strategies?

How do they become unhealthy?

Neo Freudian

A

moving toward others

moving against others

moving away from others

**over reliance on one is unhealthy

210
Q

Henry Sullivan suggests three modes of cognitive experiences

A

prototaxic

parataxac

syntaxtic

211
Q

Prototaxic

Neo Freudian Henry Stack Sullivan

A

“before symbols”

discrete, unconnected momentary states

212
Q

Parataxic

Neo Freudian Henry Stack Sullivan

A

Private or autistic symbols

causal connections between events that happen at the same time

213
Q

Syntaxic cognitive experiences

Neo Freudian Henry Stack Sullivan

A

symbols have shared meaning

logical sequential thought

meaningful communication

214
Q

What do Neo-freud parataxic cognitive experience and transductive reasoning have in common?

Henry Stacks Sullivan and Freud

A

beleif of causality between events that happen at the same time

lends itself to magical thinking

215
Q

How are parataxic cognitive experiences related to neurotic behavior?

A

have unsatisfactory relationships early in life

perceive and evaluate people in the present based on these past relationships

216
Q

Erich Fromm was a Neofreudian who beleived

A

society stops individuals form realizing their essential human nature (loving, creative, productive)

217
Q

People adopt character styles in response to society.

They are…

Eric Fromm and Neofreudian

A
  1. Receptive
  2. Exploitative
  3. Hoarding
  4. Marketing
  5. Productive
218
Q

Ego Analyst therapy goal

A

help clients build more adaptive ego defenses

219
Q

Ego defensive functions vs. ego autonomous functions

A

defensive functions = resolving internal conflicts

autonomous functions = memory, comprehension, perception

220
Q

According to Ego Analysts, pathology occurs when

A

the ego loses it’s autonomy from the ID

healthy behavior must be under conscious control

221
Q

Examples of Ego Analysts

A

Anna Freud

Erik Erikson

Heinze Hartman

222
Q

Piaget believed children don’t deliberately lie untill the age of

A

7 years old

(in actuality children as young as 3 or 4 can lie intentionally, usually to avoid punishment)

223
Q

“Success Identity” (originator)

A

Glasser’s Reality Therapy

meeting needs for survival, power, belonging, freedom, fun

224
Q

transactionaly analysis (originator)

225
Q

gestalt therapy (originator)

A

Frtiz Perls

226
Q

client-centered therapy (originator)

227
Q

ethnic matching results in

A

lower dropout rate

longer duration

especially for asians, followed by AA

228
Q

Hypnosis involves:

A

absorption

dissociation

suggestibility

229
Q

L (Lie)

MMPI

A

High score = lack of insight or desire for favorable light

Low score = exaggeration of negative characteristics, independence, frankness

230
Q

high K score indicates

A

Defensiveness or denial

or responding false to all items

231
Q

High L (Lie) score on the MMPI represents

A

showing self in favorable light

232
Q

High K (correction) score on the MMPI

A

faking good; defensiveness/denial

low score indicates faking bad

233
Q

Low K score indicates

A

self-critical

234
Q

K (correction scale)

MMPI

A

high score = defensiveness or denial; “fake good”

low score = self criticalness

235
Q

High F (infrequency) score on MMPI

A

malingering or “faking bad”

  • T-score > 90 invalidates the profile*
  • low score means “faking good”;*
  • answer all items true or false, sig. pathology*
236
Q

high scores on the K scale are associated with

A
  1. defensiveness (fake good)
  2. Higher SES
  3. Formal education
237
Q

Malingering profile

MMPI

A

High “F” score with high F-K index

238
Q

F (Infrequency)

MMPI

A

high score = “fake bad”; malingering; sig. pathology

low score = social conformity or “faking good”

T-score of 90 invalidates scale

239
Q

high-context communication

A

based on nonverbal

similar to report level information

240
Q

low context communication

A

based on verbal information

similar to command level information

241
Q

Mahler’s object relations seperation is defined as

A

when the child disengages and differentiates from mother

242
Q

Mahler’s object relations individuation is defined as

A

recognizes the existence of self and others

243
Q

selection-treatment interaction

threat to external validity

A

circumstance-specific

won’t generalize to a different circumstance

244
Q

Main humanistic-existential psychotherapies

A

Person-centered therapy

Gestalt therapy

Existential therapy

Reality therapy

245
Q

Three conditions for therapist

Person Centered Therapy

A

empathy

congruence

unconditional positive regard

246
Q

Person-Centered therapy goal

A

maintain a state of congruence

247
Q

Gestalt Therapy keywords

(Fritz Perls)

A

homeostasis

boundary disturbance

awareness of self

248
Q

Gestalt Therapy maladjustment (neurosis) occurs when…

A

a persistent disturbance in contact boundary between person and environment

stops the person able to satisfy their needs to return to homeostasis

249
Q

Gestalt Therapy assumptions

A

all behavior motivated by striving toward homeostasis (balance)

250
Q

Gestalt Therapy goals

A

clients gain self awareness and assume responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings, and actions

251
Q

Gestalt Therapy techniques

A

“I” statements

Empty Chair Techniques

252
Q

boundary disturbances include:

Gestalt Therapy

A

Introjection

Projection

Retroflection

Deflection

Confluence

253
Q

Introjection

Gestalt Therapy

A

tendency to internalize beliefs and judgements of others without critical evaluation

254
Q

:

Deflection

Gestalt boundary therapy

A

tendency to avoid direct contact with others

255
Q

Projection

Gestalt boundary therapy

A

disowning unacceptable aspects of self by attributing them to someone else

256
Q

f

Retroflection

Gestalt boundary therapy

A

doing to yourself what you’d like to do to someone else

257
Q

Confluence

Gestalt therapy

A

Blurring of seperation between self and other; causes loss of identity

258
Q

Existential therapy involves a person’s personality and views as a reflecion of their…

A

ultimate concerns of existence

259
Q

Existential Anxiety

Existential Therapy

A

Existential (normal) anxiety is porportional to cause and serves as a catalyst for change.

260
Q

Neurotic Anxiety

Existential Therapy

A

Neurotic anxiety impacts subjective free will and inability to take responsibility

261
Q

Existential Therapy Goals

A

minimize nuerotic anxiety

tolerate unavoidable existential anxiety

262
Q

A therapist of existential therapy will…

A

need an authentic therapeutic alliance

does not rely on techniques

263
Q

Glasser’s Reality Therapy keyword

A

Success vs. Failure Identify

264
Q

Choice Theory

Reality Therapy

A

choices determine quality of lives and can either create or resolve problems

265
Q

Five basic needs that motivate choice are…

Reality Therapy

A

Love and Belonging

Power

Fun

Freedom

Survival

266
Q

Success vs. Failure Identity

A

Success identity fulfills need responsibly

Failure identify meets needs in an irresponsible manner

267
Q

Reality Therapy goal

A

help client take responsibility for actions and adopt appropiate way to fulfill needs

failure —> success identity

268
Q

Reality therapy focuses on past vs. current behavior?

269
Q

Reality Therapy techniques

A

W–wants, needs, perception

D–what are you doing now; future direction

E–evaluate to determine effectiveness

P—positive plans for improvement; commitment to change

270
Q

Reality Therapy techniques

A

instruction, modeling, role-play

contracts, confrontation

humor

273
Q

First words occur between

A

10 to 16 months

274
Q

Children begin to use several words to get across a thought at this age

275
Q

Court referred cases you do/don’t have to seek consent?

276
Q

Court ordered cases you do/don’t have to seek consent?

A

Don’t.

But review limits of confidentiality

277
Q

According to Beck, depression is caused by…

A

dysfunctional automatic thoughts

may or may not be irrational

278
Q

According to Albert Ellis, depression is caused by…

A

dysfunctional irrational thoughts

279
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapies

A

Beck’s CBT

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Stress Innoculation Training

Self Instructional Training

Problem Solving Therapy

Biofeedback

280
Q

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

Albert Ellis

A

A ntecedents

Beliefs about event

C onsequences (emotional or behavior)

D isputation of irrational beleifs

E ffective rational beliefs

281
Q

How does Albert Ellis define an irrational belief?

REBT

A

a belief is irrational if it elicits consequences that interfere with goals

282
Q

REBT Irrational Beleifs (Examples)

A

“Awfulizing”

“I can’t stand it–itis”

“Damnation of oneself, others, the world”

283
Q

What is disputation?

REBT

A

actively confronting and challenging client’s irrational beleifs

distinguishes REBT it from other cog. beh. therapies

284
Q

Stress Inoculation Training founder

A

Meichenbaum

285
Q

Stress inoculation theory

A

coping with mild levels of stress inoculates you against future stressful situations

286
Q

Three phases of stress inoculation

A

Conceptualization

Skills Acquisition

Application and follow through

287
Q

Conceputalization phase

Stress Inoculation

A

educate about nature of stress and effects

Rxn’s to events are affected by perception of situation

288
Q

Skills Acquisition

Stress Inoculation Training

A

Relaxation

Assertiveness

Anger control

Problem Solving

Attention diversion

289
Q

Application and follow through

Stress Inoculation training

A

Apply skills in stressful situations

  • imagination
  • in vivo
  • relapse prevention procedure
290
Q

Self-Instructional Training orginators

A

Meinchenbaum and Goodman

291
Q

Self Instructional Training is helpful for which populations?

A

anxiety

LD

292
Q

How does self instructional training help with self control?

A

Can help someone modify own behaviors through use of self-talk

293
Q

Self Instructional Training steps

A

Cognitive Modeling

Overt External Guidance

Overt Self Guidance

Faded Overt Self Guidance *whisper*

Covert Self Instruction

294
Q

Problem Solving Therapy is built on the assumption that…

A

Depression and other psych problems are due to deficits in social problem solving skills

295
Q

Two goals of problem-solving therapy

A

Goal 1: develop positive problem orientation

Goal 2: develop rational problem-solving style

296
Q

Biofeedback types

A

EMG (electromyography)

EEG (electroencephaogram)

Thermal

297
Q

Electroencephalogram biofeedback used to treat

A

Neurofeedback

Depression, anxiety, ADHD, insomnia, seizure etc.

298
Q

Electroymyography biofeedback used to treat

A

Provides information about muscle tension

tension headaches

chronic pain

motor impairment

299
Q

Thermal biofeedback

A

gives info about skin temp.

Raynaud’s disease

migraine headaches

300
Q

Key words in existential therapies

A

Person Centered–incongruence

Gestalt–awareness of self in here and now

Existential–neurotic anxiety

Reality Therapy–WDEP; success or failure identity

301
Q

Brief Therapies

A

Solution Focused

Transtheoretical Model of Change

Motivational Interviewing

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

302
Q

Solution Focused Therapy techniques

A

Miracle questions

Exception questions

303
Q

Transtheoretical model of change (stages)

A

precontemp, contemplation

preparation, action

maintenance

termination

304
Q

Motivational Interviewing Techniques

A

O–open questions

A–affirmation

R–reflective listening

S–summaries

305
Q

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

A

focuses on 1/4 problem areas:

role transitions, role disputes, interpersonal deficits, complicated grief

306
Q

High context communication

Cultural considerations: Communication styles

A

relies heavily on nonverbal messages, context

characteristic of ethnic groups (e.x. Korean)

307
Q

Low context communication

A

Relies on verbal messages independent from context

ex. European Americans

308
Q

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model stages

  • Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s model*
  • 5 stages of development opressed people go through*
A
  1. Conformity
  2. Dissonance
  3. Resistance-Immersion
  4. Introspection
  5. Integrative Awareness
309
Q

Stage 1: Conformity

RCID

A
  • Prefer lifestyle and values of dominant culture
  • Neg. feelings about their min. group
  • Prefer a therapist from dominant group
310
Q

Stage 2: Dissonanace

RCID

A
  • Confusion and conflict when in situations that clash with cultural beleifs
  • Values of dominant group not always benefecial
  • Begin to have pos. attitudes toward their group
  • Prefer dominant group therapist that is knowledgeable about their culture
311
Q

Stage 3: Resistance and Immersion

RCID

A
  • Actively reject dominant culture;
  • Guilty/angry
  • Psychological problems result of oppression
  • therapist from own minority group
312
Q

Stage 4: Introspection

RCID

A
  • conflict between autonomy and constraints of resistance/immersion stage
  • question unequivocal loyalty to own group and rejection of main group
  • interested in exploring new identity in therapy (still prefer therapist from own group but open)
313
Q

Stage 5: Integrative Awareness

RCID

A
  • Appreciate aspects of own culture and dominant culture
  • Desire to become more multicultural and eliminate all oppression
  • Preference of therapist based on similarity of attitudes and wordview rather than race
314
Q

Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model stages

A
  1. Pre-Encounter
  2. Encounter
  3. Immersion-Emersion
  4. Internalization
  5. Internalization-Commitment
315
Q

Stage 1: Pre-Encounter

Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model

A
  • Prefer White Culture
  • Internalized neg. stereotypes of blacks
316
Q

Stage 2: Encounter

Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model stages

A
  • racial event triggers questioning of positive attitude toward white culture
  • realize you are a target for racism
317
Q

Stage 3: Immersion-Emersion

Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model

A
  • White culture bad; Black culture good
  • Learn black history; prefer associating with own race
318
Q

Stage 4: Internalization

Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model

A
  • Develop sense of security about black identity
  • Negative feelings of white culture decline
  • Race becomes less salient
319
Q

Stage 5: Internalization-Commitment

Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model

A
  • have an internalized black identity
  • committed to social activism to improve equality for all oppressed groups
320
Q

Troidan’s Model of Homosexual Identity Development stages

A

Sensitization

Identity Confusion

Identity Assumption

Identity Commitment

321
Q

African American clients

Guidelines for multicultural counseling

A
  • Multisystems approach
  • emphasize empowerment; egalitarian T-C relationship
  • Focus on problem solving and decision-making skills
322
Q

Hispanic American clients

Guidelines for multicultural counseling

A
  • psychological symptoms = somatic complaints
  • may expect short # of sessions and medication
  • solutions-focused
  • family welfare > individual welfare
323
Q

American Indian clients

Guidelines for multicultural counseling

A
  • sharing and cooperation important; family/tribe > individual
  • spirit, mind, body are all interconnected
  • nonverbal > verbal;
  • Collaborative therapeutic relationship
324
Q

Asian American clients

Guidelines for multicultural counseling

A
  • Somatic = psychological symptoms
  • hierarchical, patriarchical, children dependent on parents
  • formal style and establish credibility
326
Q

Counseling in older adults

characteristics to keep in mind when counseling

A

Older adults have more heterogeneity

lower rates of depression than young ppl

327
Q

Caplan’s three levels of prevention

A
  1. Primary–implemented before a disorder occurs
  2. Secondary–early intervention to stop full-blown disorder
  3. Tertiary–prevent recurrence of a disorder
328
Q

Caplan’s mental health consultation

A
  1. client-centered case
  2. consultee-centered case
  3. program-centered administrative
  4. consultee-centered administrative
329
Q

Client-centered consultation

Caplan’s mental health consultation model

A

consultant provides the consultee with recommendations on how to best work with the client

330
Q

Consultee-centered case consultation

Caplan’s mental health consultation model

A

consultant addresses deficiencies (skill, knowledge, bias) in consultee that interfere with providing effective services

ex. theme interference

331
Q

Program-centered administrative consultation

Caplan’s mental health consultation model

A

consultant works with program administrator to help with an existing program

332
Q

Consultee-centered administrative consultation

Caplan’s mental health consultation model

A

consultant works with program administrator to help admins ability/skills to design/evaluate future programs

333
Q

Suicide risk factors

(age, gender, race, marital status)

A
  • suicide increases with age
  • Males commit 4x suicide; Females attempt more
  • White commit suicide more; Exception is young adult Am. Indians
  • recent divorce; married<single></single>

</single>

334
Q

Beck Hopelessness Scale score for suicidality

A

score of 9 or higher

335
Q

Client-Therapist racial matching impacts

A
  • more impact on client’s perception of therapist then on therapy outcome (esp. for AA)
  • MAY reduce risk of termination

therapist’s cultural competence, compassion, worldview more important for therapy outcome

336
Q

BDI scores

A

0-13 = minimal depression (child)

14-19 = mild depression (adolescent)

20-28 = moderate depression (young adult)

29-63 = severe depression (adult)

337
Q

psychoanalytic would attribute anxiety to

A

failure of the ego defenses

338
Q

psychoanalytic would attribute passive aggressiveness to

A

denial of negative impulses

339
Q

psychoanalytic would attribute psychosis with…

A

primitive fantasies of aggression

340
Q

a psychoanalytic would attribute depression as….

A

narcissistic injury in early life

341
Q

BASIC ID comes from what theoretical orientation?

A

Multimodal therapy

342
Q

Multimodal therapy uses this to assess what interventions will work…

A

BEHAVIOR

AFFECTIVE

SENSATIONS

IMAGERY

C OGNITIONS

INTERPERSONAL REL

DRUGS, bio functions, nutri, exercise

343
Q

George Kelly personal construct theory asserts…

A

peope interpret the world through cognitive schemas

personal interpretations > event itself

344
Q

Adler described pyschopathology as being caused by…

A

maladaptive style of life

concern for both personal accomplishments and welfare of others

345
Q

Sue’s specific reasearch on ethnic matching found that

A

ethnic matching improved therapy outcomes and reduced premature termination for Asian and Mexican Americans; but had less of an effect on AA

findings specific to just this study; results vary

346
Q

Dose-effect relationship in psychotherapy

A

15 % show improvement intake/first session

50% after 8 sessions

75% improve after 26 sessions

347
Q

Huntington’s disease is most associated with decreased amounts of _________ in the striatum (i.e. caudate and putamen of the basal ganglia)?

A

GABA

(leads to an overproduction of dopamine which leads to chorea–uncontrollable and irregular movements)

348
Q

people progress from infantile dependency to mature interdependency is a tenet of which psychotherapy?

A

George Kelly’s self in relation

349
Q

Transference

A

projecting one’s feelings about an important figure onto someone else

(therapist)

350
Q

“Dysfunctional automatic thoughts”

Beck vs. Ellis

A

Beck

*thoughts could or could not be rational

351
Q

“dysfunctional irrational thoughts”

Beck vs. Ellis

352
Q

displacement

A

redirecting emotions from one person to a safe target

ex. dad yelling at nurse instead of marquita

353
Q

transference

A

transferring feelings of someone special to a different person (therapist)

ex. observing characteristics of your mother in your new boss;

“i love my new supervisor. ι’d do anything for her”

“you remind me of my old bf”

354
Q

projection

A

accusing someone else of what you actually think/feel/believe

355
Q

Wolpe is associated with

A

systematic desensitization

(type of counter conditioning; helpful for phobias)

356
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Model

A

componential (analytical)–process and analyze info

experiential (creative)–respond to unknown

contextual (practical)–respond to environment

Three interacting facets of intelligence

357
Q

Guilford’s Structure of Intelligence

358
Q

Horn and Catell’s Gf-Gc model

A

distinguishes between Gc and Gf

359
Q

Caroll’s three stratum model

A

stratum iii–general intelligence

stratum ii–eight broad abilities

stratum i–abilites linked to broad abilities

360
Q

Gardner’s Mulitiple Intelligences Model

A

Eight intellectual abilities

linguisitc

logical-mathematical

musical

bodily-kinesthetic

spatial

interpersonal

intrapersonal

naturalist

361
Q

Theories of Emotions

A

James-Lange–I am afraid because I run

Cannon-Bard–emotions and thoughts occur together

Schacter-Singer Cog Arousal–emotions are because of physical arousal and cognitive intepretation of the arousal

363
Q

Most important group therapeutic factors are…

A

cohesiveness,

interpersonal learning

carthasis

364
Q

James Lange

Theory of Emotion

A

Physical reaction causes emotion

“I am sad because I cry”

365
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

Theory of Emotion

A

emotions cause physiological symptoms/happen at the same time

I’m sad and I am crying

366
Q

Schacter and Singer

Theories of Emotion

A

emotions = physical arousal + cognitive appraisal of the arousal

367
Q

lazarus cognitive appraisal theory

A

primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and reappraisal

368
Q

The personality trait of social inhibition is usually evident by what age?

369
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy and memory

A

patchy anterograde amnesia (lasts up to 6 months)

temporary retrograde amnesia (of months leading up to ECT)

370
Q

Sequence of interventions in psychoanalytic theory

A

Confrontation

Clarification

Interpretation

Working Through

372
Q

Interpesonal Therapy uses which model?

A

Medical model–focused on relieving symptoms

373
Q

Object relations key term

A

re-parenting

emotional non-neutrality

374
Q

Bowenian approach was strongly influenced by…

A

psychoanalytics

insight heavy—gaining insight through transgeneration approach

375
Q

Kohut is an object relations therapist best known for his work in…

A

narcissim

parents responding in unempathetic ways creates narcissitic chidren

376
Q

Unlike Psychoanalysis, Gestalt therapy focuses on the…

A

here and now

377
Q

Transference in psychoanalysis vs. gestalt therapy

A

encouraged vs. seen as a distortion impacting contact boudnary

378
Q

Functions of defense mechanisms in psychoanalytics are…

A

to keep the id’s impulses from reaching consciousness

(happens when ego can’t subdue id)

379
Q

which ethnic group has the lowest drop out rate?

A

Asian americans

380
Q

which ethnic group has the highest drop out group

A

African Americans

EPPP 2019 (10 decks)

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