Clinical Psychology Flashcards
(380 cards)
1
Q
etic
A
“universal” all ppl from different cultures are the same
2
Q
emic
A
emic stands for “empathy”; culture-specific therapy
3
Q
Allostatic
A
adapt to the environment by changing the environment
4
Q
autoplastic
A
adapt to the environment by “self change”; changing your responses/behavior
5
Q
Helm’s Racial Identity Model (stages)
A
Contact
Disintegration
Reintegration
Pseudo-independence
Immersion-Emersion:
Autonomy:
6
Q
Contact Phase
A
“color-blind”; unaware of racial differences
First stage of Helm’s Racial Identity model
7
Q
Disintegration stage
A
greater awareness of inequality; leads to a sense of dissonance and moral conflict
Second stage of HRIM
8
Q
Reintegration stage
A
Resolve moral conflict by believing that whites are better
3rd stage in HRIM
9
Q
Pseudo-independence
A
**Triggered by an event
dissatisfied with racist views but still judge minorities by white standards
4th stage in HRIM
10
Q
Immersion-Emersion
A
explore what it means to be white; how they can be proud of being white without being racist
5th stage in HRIM
11
Q
Autonomy
HRIM
A
internalize non-racist white identity;
understand the strengths and weaknesses of white culture
6th stage in HRIM
12
Q
Conversion V on MMPI
A
scale 1 (hypochondriasis) and scale 3 (hysteria) high;
scale 2 (depression) low
13
Q
Passive Aggressive V on MMPI
A
Scale 4 (psychopathic deviate/antisocial) and scale 6 high (paranoia);
scale 5 low (masculine/feminine)
14
Q
Psychotic V or “paranoid valley” on MMPI
A
Scale 6 (paranoia) and 8 (schizophrenia ) high;
scale 7 (psychosthenia–irrational fears; obsessive compulsive anxiety) low
15
Q
defensive profile
A
F scale lower than scores on L and K scale
16
Q
Types of cognitions
Beck’s CBT
A
schemas
automatic thoughts
cognitive distortions
17
Q
Schemas definition
Becks Cognitive Behavior Therapy
A
core beleifs that determine how something is perceived or conceptualized
18
Q
Maladaptive schemas
A
create inaccurate interpretations and conclusions
19
Q
Adaptive schemas
A
Efficient information processing and realistic evaluation
20
Q
Automatic thoughts based on maladatpive schemas…
Beck’s Cognitive Behavior Therapy
A
lead to dsyfunctional emotional and behavioral responses
21
Q
Negative triad
Beck’s Cognitive Behavior Therapy
A
negative thoughts about
oneself
the world
the future
22
Q
Cognitive distortions
A
Arbitrary Inference
Selective abstraction
Overgeneralization
Personalization
Dichotomous thinking
23
Q
Arbitrary Inference
Cognitive distortions; Beck CBT
A
No evidence but drawing conclusions
24
Q
Selective abstraction
Cognitive distortions; Beck CBT
A
focus on negative details and ignore other info
25
Overgeneralization
*Cognitive distortions; Beck CBT*
drawing a conclusion to one event;
generalizing to all events
26
Dichotomous thinking
*Cognitive distortion; Beck CBT*
categorizing to the extreme
27
Personalization
*Cognitive distortion; Beck CBT*
external events are your fault
28
Behavioral Techniques
*Beck's Cognitive Behavioral Therapy*
Activity Scheduling
Behavioral Rehearsal
Exposure to feared stimuli
29
Beck's Cognitive Techniques
1. reattribution
2. redefining the problem
3. thought recording
4. Socratic questioning
30
Reattribution
*Beck's CBT cog. techniques*
finding alternative causes to events
31
Redefining
*Beck's CBT techqnies*
restating a problem in terms of client's ability to resolve it
32
Thought recording
*Beck's CBT techniques*
maintaining a record of automatic thoughts, antecedents and consequences
33
Socratic questioning
*Beck's CBT techniques*
testing validity of thoughts and feelings using inductive reasoning
34
Bowenian key word
Differentiation
35
Minuchin key word
restructuring Boundaries
36
Milan key word
Games
37
Four major family therapy orientations
1. Extended Family Systems/Muti-generational (Bowenian)
2. Structural (i.e., Minuchin)
3. Strategic (i.e., Haley)
4. Systemic (i.e., Milan)
38
Systemic Family Systems **creator**
Milan
39
Strategic Family Systems **creator**
Hayley
40
Structural Family Systems **creator**
Minuchin
41
Extended family Systems **creator**
| (Bowenian)
42
Family Therapy theoretical influences
systems theory--interdependent subsystems with autonomy
cybernetics--feedback loops
43
negative feedback
maintains the status quo
44
postive feedback
produces instability in the system
45
equifinality
different processes have the same outcome
46
equipotentiality/multifinality
one process can have several different outcomes
47
Levels of Communication
report level (content; explicit behavior)
command level (nonverbal)
48
Double-bind communication
report level does not equal command level
49
Extended Family Systems **theory**
*i.e.,* (Bowenian); *Multigenerational family therapy*
emotional processes are transmitted from one generation to the next
50
Extended Family Systems (Bowenian) **primary goal**
*i.e., Multigenerational family therapy*
help family members become **more differentiated** while remaining connected
51
Extended Family Systems (Bowenian) **techniques**
*i.e., Multigenerational family therapy*
genograms
process questions
relationship experiments
52
genogram
*Bowenian techniques*
visual representation of 3 generations
provides info on structures, life events, and rel. dynamics
53
Process Questions
*Bowenian techniques*
used to help family members see how they contribute to the problem and how others perceive specific situations
(i.e. "how do you react when your husband criticizes you?"
54
Process Questions are answered directly to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
*family member VS. therapist?*
Why?
Therapist
Minimizes emotional reaction
55
Relationship Experiments
*Bowenian techniques*
homework assignments to help practice relating to to members in more **differentiated** way
*(i.e., discuss an unresolved conflict rather than focus on child's behavior)*
56
Bowenian Therapists _______ involvement with family members
**maximize VS. minimize**
Minimize
NO JOINING
57
How are emotional processes transmitted to the next generation in a Bowenian system?
Differentiation
Triangles
Nuclear family emotional system
Family projection process
Multigenerational transmission process
Emotional Cutoff
Sibling position
societal regression
58
Differentiation of Self
*Bowenian concept*
1. High differentiation = seperate identity + connected to family
2. Low differentiation = emotional fused
59
Triangles
*Bowenian concept*
* 2 person system becomes unstable --\> conflict
* Bring in a third person to restore stability
(e.g., become overly involved in child to avoid facing unresolved conflict between them)
60
Nuclear family emotional system
*Bowenian concept*
Methods nuclear family uses to deal with stress + anxiety
61
Family projection process
*Bowenian concept*
**projecting** parental problems onto the child
*results in symptomatic behavior in the child*
62
Multigeneration transmission process
*Bowenian concept*
transmission of differentiation patterns from one generation to the next
*"low levels of differentiation begets low levels of differentiation"*
63
Emotional Cutoff
*Bowenian concept*
Family member distance themselves (physically or emotionally) to deal with conflict in the system
*indicates low levels of differentiation (i.e., Andre)*
64
Sibling position
*Bowenian concept*
birth order contributes to child's personality and role in family's emotional life
65
Societal Regression
*Bowenian concept*
impact of societal stress on society and family
66
What are *"Family Structures"*
**Structural Therapy theoretical constructs**
repetitive patterns of interactions between family members
forming subsystems w/i family system
67
**Theoretical terms** found in Structural Therapy
*Structural/Minuchin Therapy*
1. "Family Structure"
2. "Boundaries"
3. Rigid Family Triads
68
Structural Therapy **goal?**
*Minuchin Therapy*
Restructure family and their boundaries so they are better able to respond to stress
*Action over insight*
69
What are the **three dysfunctional coalitions** in Rigid Family Triads?
*Structural Therapy theoretical constructs*
**dysfunctional coalitions**
* **Triangulation**--each parent demands a child take a side; pulled in both directions
* **Detouring**--parents reinforce deviant behavior to take away from spousal problems
* **Stable coalition**--2 members gang up against other members
70
What is the **definition of boundaries** in structural therapy?
*Structural Therapy theoretical constructs*
implicit rules that determine contact
71
Describe the **types of boundaries** in Structural Therapy
*Structural Therapy theoretical constructs*
**implicit rules that determine contact**
* **clear**--balanced separateness and connectedness
* **rigid**--disengagement between family members
* **diffuse**--enmeshment and excessive dependence
72
What are the **three stages** that the Structural Family therapist goes through?
*Minuchin*
Joining
Formulation
**Restructuring (goal)**
73
What **techniques** occur in the **joining stage**?
*Minuchin/Structural Therapy Technique*
build rapport
mimesis (mimick emotional state and demeanor)
tracking (using content of what family communicates)
74
In the **Formulation** stage the therapist identifies dysfunctional repetitive patterns through...
*Minuchin/Structural Therapy Technique*
1. **observing** family interactions
2. **making family map** of family structure
75
What is **Restructuring**?
*Minuchin/Structural Therapy Technique*
A technique that alters repetitive interactions
76
What techniues are involved in Restructuring?
*Minuchin/Structural Therapy Technique*
enactment
reframing
boundary marking
unbalancing
77
Unbalancing
*Restructuring Technique*
Taking the side of a "scapegoated" family member to alter how members act toward that person
78
Boundary Marking
*Restrucuring Technique*
**Strengthening diffuse** boundaries OR **loosening rigid** boundaries
79
Reframing
*Restrucuring Technique*
Describe undesirable behavior in a **positive way**; highlight advantages and disadvantages
80
Enactment
*Restrucuring Technique*
**Role play** dysfunctional behavior
81
Minuchin Therapists only focus on the...
Present
(**won't include intergeneration or family history**)
82
Strategic Family Therapy **theory**
*(Haley)*
communications are focused on power **(ability to control relationship with others)**
**Power** is determined by hiearchies
83
Strategic Family Therapy **techniques**
1. direct and indirect directives
2. reframing
84
direct and indirect directives
1. direct directives are orders the family will agree to follow
2. indirect directives involve asking the family to do a behavior they will resist and so changing behavior in a desired way (e.g., prescribing the symptom)
85
Name three strategic family therapy techniques
direct (agree to follow)
indirect directives (manipulate)
reframing (giving problem behaviors alternative meaning)
86
Paradoxical interventions
Ask family to do something they will resist to change behavior in desired way (e.x., prescribing the symptom)
87
How do strategic therapists develop the course and outcome of treatment?
Use the **first session** to and go through the stages:
1. social stage
2. problem stage
3. interaction stage
4 goal setting stage
5. task setting stage
88
Social Stage
*First session of Strategic Family therapy*
1. social stage--speak to each member and observe interactions
* Use the **first session** to and go through the stages:*
89
Problem stage
*First session of Strategic Family therapy*
2. Ask each family member about presenting problem
* Use the **first session** to and go through the stages:*
90
Interaction Stage
*First session of Strategic Family therapy*
3. Ask each family member to discuss the presenting problem
* Use the **first session** to and go through the stages:*
91
Goal setting stage
*First session of Strategic Family therapy*
4. everyone agrees on therapy goals
* Use the **first session** to and go through the stages:*
92
Task setting stage
*First session of Strategic Family therapy*
5. directives to complete at home
* Use the **first session** to and go through the stages:*
93
Systemic Family Therapy **theory**
*Milan*
Problems with family members revolve around **games** that maintian homeostasis and serve a purpose
94
What are Games in systemic family therapy?
*Milan*
Repetitive behavioral interactions that serve a purpose
95
Milan Systemic Family Therapy **goals**
Change rules of the game
Therapy provided by a **team**
96
Milan techniques
hypothesizing
neutrality
circular questioning
positive connotations
paradoxical prescriptions
family rituals
97
Hypothesizing
*Systemic (Milan) techniques*
hypothesizing--question asking; revise hypothesis based on answers
98
Neutrality
*Systemic (Milan) techniques*
accept perceptions of all family members
99
Circular Questioning
*Systemic (Milan) techniques*
ask each family member their perceptions of the event
*they gain new info; recog. similiarites and differences in perceptions*
100
Positive Connotation
*Systemic (Milan) techniques*
Reframing a problematic behavior as beneficial or good
*(note someone's good intentions)*
101
Paradoxical Prescriptions
*Systemic (Milan) techniques*
Engage in problematic behavior to understand the behavior is in their control
102
Family Rituals
*Systemic (Milan) techniques*
Tasks designed to change family games (changing who disciplines child)
103
Stuart interpersonal operant therapy
increase # of pos. reciprocal interactions using contingency contracts
104
Structural family therapy the therapist does what with the family system?
"Joins" the family system
105
How can a structural family therapist join the system?
Mimesis--adopt a family's communication and affective style
106
dose-effect model of psychotherapy
50% of people show improvement with 6-8 sessions
75% by 26th session
85% a little over a year
107
Model of effectiveness of pyschotherapy
(3 phases)
Remoralization
Remediation
Rehabilitation
108
Remoralization
*Phase of effectiveness in psychotherapy*
decrease in feelings of hopelessness
*occurs during first few sessions*
109
Remediation
*Phase Model of Psychotherapy Effectiveness*
Symptom Relief
*requires up to 16 additional sessions*
110
**Rehabilitation**
*Phase model effectiveness of psychotherapy*
gradual improvement in longstanding maladaptive behavioral patterns
111
Verbs for each family therapist
Bowenian **coaches**
Minuchin **joins**
Haley **directs**
Milan ***plays games*** on a *team*
112
Displacement
Uncomfortable impulse is expressed on a **safe target** (usually the therapist)
*accuse therapist of being distracted because spouse is distracted*
113
Projection
attributing personal thoughts and beleifs to someone else
*You feel angry so you feel your therapist is angry*
114
Sublimation
Transformation of unwanted impulses or acts into something socially acceptable
115
Undoing
Releives anxiety about a behavior by attempting to make up for it in other areas
116
What sets REBT apart from other CBT methods?
## Footnote
*ABC-DE*
Disputation of irrational beleifs
*acitively confront and challenge irrational beleifs*
117
Topographical Model
conscious
preconscious
unconscious
118
Psychodynamic assumptions
current psychological problems can be traced back to **early experiences** and are due to **unconscious experiences**
119
Structural Theory
*of psychoanalysis*
ID
EGO
SUPEREGO
120
ID
unconscious biological instincts (sexual, aggressive)
121
How do we gain information about the id?
Deduced from dreams, slips of the tounge, and free association
122
Personality is derived from
*Psychoanalysis*
interactions between the id, the ego, and the superego
123
Ego
wants to gratify ID in socially acceptable ways
*secondary process thinking = logical and rational*
124
primary process thinking
unconscious, impulsive and irrational
Ex. ID
125
Secondary process thinking
logical and rational
Ex. Ego
126
Pleausure principle
Associated with the ID
seeks immediate gratification of it's ego
127
Reality principle
attempts to gratify instincts in ways compatible with requirements of reality
Ex. Ego
128
Superego
Conscience
evolves from internalized parental prohibitions, standards, values
129
Describe the relationship between the EGO and ID
Ego attempts to gratify the ID's instincts in **realistic** and **socially acceptable** ways
130
Describe the relationship between the SUPEREGO and ID
Superego **permanently blocks** the ID from **socially unacceptable instincts**
131
According to psychoanalysis, conflicts are caused by conflicting....
demands between the ID, the Superego, and reality
132
What arises when the **ego** is *unable to reconcile* conflict between the **id** and **superego**?
Defense Mechanisms
133
**Defense mechanisms**
definition
unconsciously **distort** or **deny** reality
134
Defense Mechanisms
*examples*
Denial, Displacement, Projection
Reaction formation, Repression, Rationalization
Regression
Sublimation
135
Displacement
*(defense mechanism: Freudian)*
unacceptable impulse expressed toward a safe target
136
Projection
*defense mechanism: Freudian*
transferring your own unacceptable feelings onto someone else
137
Goal of psychoanalysis
*Procedures of Psychoanalysis: Freudian*
1. bring unconscious unresoved conflicts into consciousness
2. strengthen the ego so behavior is less instinctual and more on reality
138
Targets of Analysis
*Psychoanalysis: Freudian*
free association
resistance
dreams
transference
139
Procedures of Psychoanalysis
Confrontation
Clarification
Interpretation
Working Through
140
Confrontation
Procedures of Psychoanalysis: Freudian
help clients view their behavior in new ways
*\*giving an interpretation\**
141
Clarification
*Procedures of Psychoanalysis: Freudian*
bring behavior into sharper focus
*challenge--I noticed you are late when we talk about tough topics*
142
Interpretation
*Procedures of Psychoanalysis: Freudian*
explicit linking of client's conscious behavior to **unconscious processes**
*repeated interpretations lead to catharsis*
143
Working through
*Procedures of Psychoanalysis: Freudian*
testing, accepting, and assimilating new insights
144
Other psychodynamic therapies
Jung's Analytical Psychology
Adler's Individual Psychology
Neo-Freudians
Ego Analysts
Object-Relations Theory
145
Jung's Analytical Psychology **keyword (3)**
Collective unconscious, archetypes, individuation
146
Adler's Individual Psychology **keyword**
Style of Life
147
Neo-Freudians **keyword (3)**
moving toward, against, away
proto,para,syntaxic
character styles
148
Ego-analyast **keyword**
ego-defensive functions
149
Object relations **keyword**
object constancy
150
Jung vs. Freud
* Rejected sexual energy as primary motivator
* More positive view of human nature
* Believed behavior impacted by past events and **future goals and aspirations**
151
Structure of Psyche
(Jung Analytical Psychology)
Conscious
Personal Unconscious
Collective Unconscious
152
Conscious
(Jungian Analytical Psychology)
Ego that contians all thoughts and feelings we are aware of
153
Personal unconscious
(Jungian Analytical Psychology)
thoughts, feelings, attitudes that relates to a concept (e.g. power); includes complexes
influences behavior
154
Collective unconscious
general wisdom shared by all people over time
includes **archetypes**
155
What are achetypes?
(Jung Analytical Psychology)
universal mental structures that predispose ppl to react to circumstances a certain way
*type of collective unconscious*
156
Types of archetypes
1. Personas (social masks)
2. The shadow (repressed aspects of self)
3. anima/animus (femine/masculine aspects of self)
157
Jung Personality Attitude and Functions
Sensing
Thinking
Feeling
Intuiting
158
Goal of Jung Analytical Psychology
bring unconscious material to consciousness to facilitate **individuation**
159
Individuation
(Jung Analytic Psychology)
Goal of therapy
*integrate all unconscious and conscious apsects of self into unified whole*
160
Techniques for individuation involve
(Jung Analytic)
Interpretation
Active Imagination
Analysis of Transference
161
Adler's vs. Freud
* innate social interest vs. sexual interest
* conscious vs. unconscious processes
* impact of future goals on current behavior (teological)
162
Adler's individual psychology is known for
## Footnote
**"Style of life"**
*ways people strive for superiority*
163
How do **feelings of inferiority** develop in Adlerian psychology?
(psychoanalysis)
in childhood
in response to (real or imagined) disabilities and inadequacy
164
Adlerian psychology beleives that each person has an innate drive to strive toward competence and effectiveness. This drive is called...
"Striving for superiority"
165
Style of Life
(Adlerian)
ways ppl strive for superiority
166
Healthy style of life is characterized by
goals that involve concern for personal accomplishments **AND welfare of others**
167
unhealthy style of life is characterized by
(Adlerian)
self-centered goals and lack of concern for others
168
When is style of life influenced\>?
First 4 or 5 years of life.
169
What parenting styles can lead to an unhealthy style of life?
Consistent pampering or neglect
*distorts young children's social feelings*
170
Adler is most concerned with
social interest; developing concern for others
171
Goal of Adler Individual Psychology
Replace unhealthy SOL with healthy SOL
172
Adlerian Strategies
Early recollection
dream interpretation
encouragement
modeling
prescribing the symptom
acting as if
173
Phases of Adlerian Therapy
1. Build the therapeutic relationship
2 . explore development of mistaken "style of life"
3. develop social life
174
Adlerian approach can involve
individual, group therapy, family therapy,
parent and teacher education
175
Other Psychoanalytic approaches
Jung
Adlerian
Neo-Freudians
Ego Analyst
Object Relations
176
Jung key terms
personal and collective unconscious
individuation
177
Neo-freudian key terms
Interpersonal coping stratgies for parenting behaviors (Karen Horney)
Prototaxic, Parataxic, Syntaxtic (Harry Stack Sullivan)
Society stops individuals from realizing human nature (Erich Fromm)
Help clients build more adaptive ego defenses (Ego-Analyst)
Object Relations Theory (object constancy)
178
Adlerian key terms
"style of life"
"social interest"
179
NeoFreudians vs. Freud
* low importance on instinctual drives
* social and cultural contributions to personality
* pos. view of human nature
* personality affected by **events throughout lifespan**
180
Major Neo-Freudians
Karen Horney
Henry Stock Sullivan
Erich Fromm
181
Object Relations vs. Freud
behavior is motivated by a desire for **human connection** rather than sexual/aggressive drives
182
Object relations **techniques**
Analyze resistance and transference
interpret dreams
other psychoanalytic techniques
183
Object Relations--important constructs
1. Object Constancy
2. Mahler's Seperation-Individuation
184
Object Relations underlying assumption/theory
infants develop mental representations of self in relation to objects that influence how they relate to ppl later in life
185
**Object constancy**
Mahler's object relations
Ability to maintain positive emotional connection with object independent of:
1. infant's need state
2. object's ability to gratify child's needs
186
Mahler's acquistion of object constancy (stages)
1. Normal autistic stage
2. Normal symbiotic stage
3. Separation-individuation stage
187
**Symbiotic stage**
Mahler's acquisition of object constancy
aware of external environment but no differentiation between self and others (mom)
188
Normal autistic stage
Mahler's acquisition of object constancy
infant only aware of himself
*first few weeks of life*
189
**Separation-individuation**
Mahler's acquisition of object constancy
seperation: differentiates itself from mother
individuation: develops internal representation of self and other
* begins 5 months of age to 36 months*
* when pathology occurs*
190
Object relations **therapy goals**
repalce maladaptive internalized representation of interpersonal relationship with healthier version to improve current relationships
191
Object relations **essential components**
Client-therapiast relationship is essential;
acts as **reparenting**
*must provide empathy, support, and acceptance*
192
Piaget's stages
Sensorimotor (birth to toddlerhood)
Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
Concrete Operational (7-12 years)
Formal Operational (adolescents to adulthood)
193
Preoperational skills
develop symbolic functions; one thing can stand for another
*Ex. language, pretend pay, solve problems mentally*
194
What limitations are associated with the preoperational stage?
transductive reasoning
egocentrism
magical thinking
animism
centration
195
What two limitations of the preoperational stage lead to magical thinking and animism?
transductive reasoning
egocentrism
196
Transductive reasoning
children beleive two events that occur at the same time are causal
*Preoperational Stage*
197
Egocentrism
inability to understand others do not experience things the same they we do
*Preoperational stage*
198
What reality mistakes will kids make in the preoperation stage?
magical thinking
animism
199
Why will children in the preoperational phase use magical thinking and animism?
Limitations of the preoperational stage include transductive reasoning and egocentrism
200
What is magical thinking?
false beleif that you have control over events; that thinking about it can make it happen
*characteristic of Piaget's Preoperational Stage*
201
What is animism?
beleif that objects have thoughts, feelings, and other lifelike qualities
*characteristic of Piaget's preoperational stage*
202
Mistakes of the Preoperational stage
*Children ages 2-7 years old*
magical thinking
animism
conservation (due to centration and irreversibility)
203
Centration
tendency to focus on one detail and neglect other important features
204
Irreversibility
Inability to understand that actions can be reversed
205
Cognitive working models of themselves and others is defined as...
Bowlby's attachment models
Internal working models
206
This skill is achieved during the **concrete operational** stage
**conservation**
(decentration and reversibility)
207
**Conservation** develops sequentially during the **concrete operational** stage. The sequence includes:
conservation of numbers, length, liquid, mass, area, weight, and volume--in that order
*(horizontal decalage--seq. mastering of concepts within a single stage of development)*
208
According to Karen Horney pathology stems from
*Neo-Freudian*
**early relations in childhood**
Parenting behaviors of indifference, overprotection, or rejection causes anxiety in children
209
Karen Horney purports that children develop interpersonal coping strategies in response to parenting behaviors.
What are these **interpersonal coping strategies?**
**How** do they become unhealthy?
*Neo Freudian*
moving toward others
moving against others
moving away from others
**\*\*over reliance on one is unhealthy**
210
Henry Sullivan suggests **three modes of cognitive experiences**
prototaxic
parataxac
syntaxtic
211
Prototaxic
*Neo Freudian Henry Stack Sullivan*
"before symbols"
discrete, unconnected momentary states
212
Parataxic
*Neo Freudian Henry Stack Sullivan*
Private or autistic symbols
causal connections between events that happen at the same time
213
Syntaxic cognitive experiences
*Neo Freudian Henry Stack Sullivan*
symbols have shared meaning
logical sequential thought
meaningful communication
214
What do Neo-freud parataxic cognitive experience and transductive reasoning have in common?
*Henry Stacks Sullivan and Freud*
beleif of causality between events that happen at the same time
**lends itself to magical thinking**
215
How are parataxic cognitive experiences related to neurotic behavior?
have unsatisfactory relationships early in life
perceive and evaluate people in the present based on these past relationships
216
Erich Fromm was a Neofreudian who beleived
**society stops** individuals form realizing their essential **human nature** (loving, creative, productive)
217
People adopt **character styles** in response to society.
They are...
*Eric Fromm and Neofreudian*
1. Receptive
2. Exploitative
3. Hoarding
4. Marketing
5. Productive
218
Ego Analyst therapy **goal**
help clients build more adaptive ego defenses
219
Ego defensive functions vs. ego autonomous functions
defensive functions = resolving internal conflicts
autonomous functions = memory, comprehension, perception
220
According to Ego Analysts, pathology occurs when
the ego loses it's autonomy from the ID
healthy behavior must be under conscious control
221
Examples of Ego Analysts
Anna Freud
Erik Erikson
Heinze Hartman
222
**Piaget believed** children don't **deliberately** lie untill the age of
7 years old
*(in actuality children as young as 3 or 4 can lie intentionally, usually to avoid punishment)*
223
"Success Identity" (originator)
Glasser's Reality Therapy
*meeting needs for survival, power, belonging, freedom, fun*
224
transactionaly analysis (originator)
Bern
225
gestalt therapy (originator)
Frtiz Perls
226
client-centered therapy (originator)
Rogers
227
ethnic matching results in
## Footnote
**lower dropout rate**
**longer duration**
*especially for asians, followed by AA*
228
Hypnosis involves:
absorption
dissociation
suggestibility
229
## Footnote
**L (Lie)**
*MMPI*
High score = lack of insight or desire for favorable light
Low score = exaggeration of negative characteristics, independence, frankness
230
high K score indicates
Defensiveness or denial
*or responding false to all items*
231
High L (Lie) score on the MMPI represents
showing self in favorable light
232
High K (correction) score on the MMPI
faking good; defensiveness/denial
*low score indicates faking bad*
233
Low K score indicates
self-critical
234
## Footnote
**K (correction scale)**
*MMPI*
high score = defensiveness or denial; "fake good"
low score = self criticalness
235
High F (infrequency) score on MMPI
**malingering** or "faking bad"
* T-score \> 90 invalidates the profile*
* low score means "faking good";*
* answer all items true or false, sig. pathology*
236
high scores on the K scale are associated with
1. defensiveness (fake good)
2. Higher SES
3. Formal education
237
**Malingering profile**
MMPI
High "F" score with high F-K index
238
## Footnote
**F (Infrequency)**
*MMPI*
high score = "fake bad"; malingering; sig. pathology
low score = social conformity or "faking good"
*T-score of 90 invalidates scale*
239
high-context communication
based on nonverbal
*similar to report level information*
240
low context communication
based on verbal information
*similar to command level information*
241
Mahler's object relations **seperation** is defined as
when the child disengages and differentiates from mother
242
Mahler's object relations **individuation** is defined as
recognizes the existence of self and others
243
selection-treatment interaction
**threat to external validity**
circumstance-specific
won't generalize to a different circumstance
244
Main humanistic-existential psychotherapies
Person-centered therapy
Gestalt therapy
Existential therapy
Reality therapy
245
Three conditions for therapist
*Person Centered Therapy*
empathy
congruence
unconditional positive regard
246
Person-Centered therapy **goal**
maintain a state of congruence
247
Gestalt Therapy **keywords**
**(**Fritz Perls)
homeostasis
boundary disturbance
awareness of self
248
Gestalt Therapy **maladjustment (neurosis)** occurs when...
a persistent disturbance in contact boundary between person and environment
stops the person able to satisfy their needs to return to homeostasis
249
Gestalt Therapy **assumptions**
all behavior motivated by striving toward homeostasis (balance)
250
Gestalt Therapy **goals**
clients gain self awareness and assume responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings, and actions
251
Gestalt Therapy **techniques**
**"I" statements**
**Empty Chair** Techniques
252
**boundary disturbances** include:
*Gestalt Therapy*
Introjection
Projection
Retroflection
Deflection
Confluence
253
Introjection
*Gestalt Therapy*
tendency to internalize beliefs and judgements of others without critical evaluation
254
:
## Footnote
**Deflection**
*Gestalt boundary therapy*
tendency to avoid direct contact with others
255
## Footnote
**Projection**
*Gestalt boundary therapy*
disowning unacceptable aspects of self by attributing them to someone else
256
f
## Footnote
**Retroflection**
*Gestalt boundary therapy*
doing to yourself what you'd like to do to someone else
257
**Confluence**
Gestalt therapy
Blurring of seperation between self and other; causes loss of identity
258
Existential therapy involves a person's personality and views as a reflecion of their...
ultimate concerns of existence
259
Existential Anxiety
*Existential Therapy*
Existential (normal) anxiety is porportional to cause and serves as a catalyst for change.
260
Neurotic Anxiety
*Existential Therapy*
Neurotic anxiety impacts subjective free will and inability to take responsibility
261
Existential Therapy Goals
minimize nuerotic anxiety
tolerate unavoidable existential anxiety
262
A therapist of existential therapy will...
need an authentic therapeutic alliance
does not rely on techniques
263
**Glasser's** Reality Therapy **keyword**
Success vs. Failure Identify
264
Choice Theory
*Reality Therapy*
choices determine quality of lives and can either create or resolve problems
265
Five basic needs that motivate choice are...
*Reality Therapy*
Love and Belonging
Power
Fun
Freedom
Survival
266
Success vs. Failure Identity
Success identity fulfills need **responsibly**
Failure identify meets needs in an **irresponsible** manner
267
Reality Therapy **goal**
help client take responsibility for actions and adopt appropiate way to fulfill needs
**failure ---\> success identity**
268
Reality therapy focuses on ***past vs. current*** behavior?
current
269
Reality Therapy **techniques**
W--**wants**, needs, perception
D--what are you **doing** now; future direction
E--**evaluate** to determine effectiveness
P---**positive plans** for improvement; commitment to change
270
Reality Therapy **techniques**
instruction, modeling, role-play
contracts, confrontation
humor
271
272
273
First words occur between
10 to 16 months
274
Children begin to use several words to get across a thought at this age
18 months
275
Court **referred** cases you **do/don't** have to seek consent?
Do
276
Court **ordered** cases you **do/don't** have to seek consent?
Don't.
*But review limits of confidentiality*
277
According to Beck, depression is caused by...
dysfunctional **automatic** thoughts
*may or may not be irrational*
278
According to Albert Ellis, depression is caused by...
dysfunctional **irrational** thoughts
279
Cognitive Behavioral Therapies
Beck's CBT
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Stress Innoculation Training
Self Instructional Training
Problem Solving Therapy
Biofeedback
280
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
*Albert Ellis*
**A ntecedents**
**Beliefs** about event
**C onsequences** (emotional or behavior)
**D isputation** of irrational beleifs
**E ffective** rational beliefs
281
How does Albert Ellis define an irrational belief?
*REBT*
a belief is irrational if it elicits **consequences** that **interfere** with **goals**
282
REBT Irrational Beleifs (Examples)
"Awfulizing"
"I can't stand it--itis"
"Damnation of oneself, others, the world"
283
What is disputation?
*REBT*
actively confronting and challenging client's irrational beleifs
*distinguishes REBT it from other cog. beh. therapies*
284
Stress Inoculation Training **founder**
Meichenbaum
285
Stress inoculation theory
coping with mild levels of stress inoculates you against future stressful situations
286
**Three phases** of stress inoculation
Conceptualization
Skills Acquisition
Application and follow through
287
Conceputalization phase
*Stress Inoculation*
**educate** about nature of stress and effects
**Rxn's to events** are affected by **perception** of situation
288
Skills Acquisition
*Stress Inoculation Training*
Relaxation
Assertiveness
Anger control
Problem Solving
Attention diversion
289
Application and follow through
*Stress Inoculation training*
Apply skills in stressful situations
* imagination
* in vivo
* relapse prevention procedure
290
Self-Instructional Training orginators
Meinchenbaum and Goodman
291
Self Instructional Training is helpful for which populations?
anxiety
LD
292
How does self instructional training help with **self control?**
Can help someone modify own behaviors through use of self-talk
293
Self Instructional Training **steps**
Cognitive Modeling
Overt External Guidance
Overt Self Guidance
Faded Overt Self Guidance \*whisper\*
Covert Self Instruction
294
**Problem Solving Therapy** is built on the assumption that...
**Depression** and other psych problems are due to **deficits** in **social problem solving** skills
295
Two goals of problem-solving therapy
Goal 1: develop positive problem orientation
Goal 2: develop rational problem-solving style
296
Biofeedback types
EMG (electromyography)
EEG (electroencephaogram)
Thermal
297
Electroencephalogram biofeedback used to treat
*Neurofeedback*
Depression, anxiety, **ADHD,** insomnia, seizure etc.
298
Electroymyography biofeedback used to treat
## Footnote
*Provides information about muscle tension*
**tension headaches**
**chronic pain**
**motor impairment**
299
Thermal biofeedback
## Footnote
*gives info about skin temp.*
**Raynaud's disease**
**migraine headaches**
300
Key words in existential therapies
Person Centered--incongruence
Gestalt--awareness of self in here and now
Existential--neurotic anxiety
Reality Therapy--WDEP; success or failure identity
301
Brief Therapies
Solution Focused
Transtheoretical Model of Change
Motivational Interviewing
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
302
Solution Focused Therapy **techniques**
Miracle questions
Exception questions
303
Transtheoretical model of change **(stages)**
precontemp, contemplation
preparation, action
maintenance
termination
304
Motivational Interviewing Techniques
O--open questions
A--affirmation
R--reflective listening
S--summaries
305
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
focuses on 1/4 problem areas:
role transitions, role disputes, interpersonal deficits, complicated grief
306
## Footnote
**High context communication**
*Cultural considerations: Communication styles*
relies heavily on nonverbal messages, context
*characteristic of ethnic groups (e.x. Korean)*
307
## Footnote
**Low context communication**
Relies on verbal messages independent from context
ex. European Americans
308
Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model **stages**
* Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's model*
* 5 stages of development opressed people go through*
1. Conformity
2. Dissonance
3. Resistance-Immersion
4. Introspection
5. Integrative Awareness
309
## Footnote
**Stage 1: Conformity**
*RCID*
* Prefer **lifestyle and values** of dominant culture
* **Neg. feelings** about their min. group
* Prefer a **therapist from dominant group**
310
## Footnote
**Stage 2: Dissonanace**
*RCID*
* **Confusion** and **conflict** when in situations that clash with cultural beleifs
* Values of dominant group not always benefecial
* Begin to have pos. attitudes toward their group
* Prefer dominant group therapist that is **knowledgeable about their culture**
311
## Footnote
**Stage 3: Resistance and Immersion**
*RCID*
* Actively reject dominant culture;
* Guilty/angry
* Psychological problems result of oppression
* **therapist from own minority group**
312
## Footnote
**Stage 4: Introspection**
*RCID*
* conflict between **autonomy** and constraints of resistance/immersion stage
* **question** unequivocal **loyalty** to own group and rejection of main group
* **interested in exploring new identity** in therapy (still prefer therapist from own group but open)
313
## Footnote
**Stage 5: Integrative Awareness**
*RCID*
* Appreciate aspects of own culture and dominant culture
* Desire to become more **multicultural** and eliminate all oppression
* Preference of therapist based on **similarity of attitudes** and **wordview** rather than race
314
Cross's **Black Racial Identity Development Model stages**
1. Pre-Encounter
2. Encounter
3. Immersion-Emersion
4. Internalization
5. Internalization-Commitment
315
**Stage 1: Pre-Encounter**
Cross's Black Racial Identity Development Model
* Prefer White Culture
* Internalized neg. stereotypes of blacks
316
**Stage 2: Encounter**
Cross's Black Racial Identity Development Model stages
* **racial event** triggers **questioning** of positive attitude toward white culture
* **realize** you are a **target for racism**
317
**Stage 3: Immersion-Emersion**
Cross's Black Racial Identity Development Model
* White culture bad; Black culture good
* Learn black history; prefer associating with own race
318
**Stage 4: Internalization**
Cross's Black Racial Identity Development Model
* Develop **sense of security** about black identity
* **Negative feelings** of white culture **decline**
* **Race** becomes **less salient**
319
**Stage 5: Internalization-Commitment**
Cross's Black Racial Identity Development Model
* have an **internalized black identity**
* **committed** to **social activism** to improve equality for all oppressed groups
320
**Troidan's Model of Homosexual Identity Development** stages
Sensitization
Identity Confusion
Identity Assumption
Identity Commitment
321
## Footnote
**African American clients**
*Guidelines for multicultural counseling*
* Multisystems approach
* emphasize empowerment; egalitarian T-C relationship
* Focus on problem solving and decision-making skills
322
## Footnote
**Hispanic American clients**
*Guidelines for multicultural counseling*
* psychological symptoms = somatic complaints
* may expect short # of sessions and medication
* solutions-focused
* family welfare \> individual welfare
323
## Footnote
**American Indian clients**
*Guidelines for multicultural counseling*
* sharing and cooperation important; family/tribe \> individual
* spirit, mind, body are all interconnected
* nonverbal \> verbal;
* Collaborative therapeutic relationship
324
## Footnote
**Asian American clients**
*Guidelines for multicultural counseling*
* Somatic = psychological symptoms
* hierarchical, patriarchical, children dependent on parents
* formal style and establish credibility
325
326
Counseling in older adults
**characteristics to keep in mind when counseling**
Older adults have more heterogeneity
lower rates of depression than young ppl
327
Caplan's three levels of prevention
1. Primary--implemented before a disorder occurs
2. Secondary--early intervention to stop full-blown disorder
3. Tertiary--prevent recurrence of a disorder
328
Caplan's **mental health consultation**
1. client-centered case
2. consultee-centered case
3. program-centered administrative
4. consultee-centered administrative
329
Client-centered consultation
**Caplan's mental health consultation model**
consultant provides the consultee with **recommendations** on how to best work with the client
330
Consultee-centered case consultation
**Caplan's mental health consultation model**
**consultant addresses deficiencies** (skill, knowledge, bias) in consultee that interfere with providing effective services
ex. theme interference
331
Program-centered administrative consultation
**Caplan's mental health consultation model**
consultant works with **program administrator** to help **with an existing program**
332
Consultee-centered administrative consultation
**Caplan's mental health consultation model**
consultant works with **program administrator** to help **admins** **ability/skills** to **design/evaluate future programs**
333
Suicide risk factors
(age, gender, race, marital status)
* suicide increases with age
* Males commit 4x suicide; Females attempt more
* White commit suicide more; Exception is young adult Am. Indians
* recent divorce; married
334
**Beck Hopelessness Scale** score for suicidality
score of 9 or higher
335
Client-Therapist racial matching impacts
* more impact on client's perception of therapist **then on therapy outcome** (esp. for AA)
* MAY reduce risk of termination
*therapist's cultural competence, compassion, worldview more important for therapy outcome*
336
## Footnote
**BDI scores**
0-13 = minimal depression (child)
14-19 = **mild depression (adolescent)**
20-28 = moderate depression (young adult)
29-63 = severe depression (adult)
337
psychoanalytic would attribute anxiety to
failure of the ego defenses
338
psychoanalytic would attribute passive aggressiveness to
denial of negative impulses
339
psychoanalytic would attribute psychosis with...
primitive fantasies of aggression
340
a psychoanalytic would attribute depression as....
narcissistic injury in early life
341
BASIC ID comes from what theoretical orientation?
Multimodal therapy
342
Multimodal therapy uses this to assess what interventions will work...
BEHAVIOR
AFFECTIVE
SENSATIONS
IMAGERY
C OGNITIONS
INTERPERSONAL REL
DRUGS, bio functions, nutri, exercise
343
George Kelly **personal construct theory** asserts...
peope interpret the world through cognitive schemas
personal interpretations \> event itself
344
Adler described pyschopathology as being caused by...
## Footnote
**maladaptive style of life**
*concern for both personal accomplishments and welfare of others*
345
Sue's specific reasearch on ethnic matching found that
ethnic matching **improved therapy outcomes** and **reduced premature termination** for *Asian and Mexican Americans*; but had less of an effect on AA
_findings specific to just this study; results vary_
346
Dose-effect relationship in psychotherapy
15 % show improvement intake/first session
50% after 8 sessions
75% improve after 26 sessions
347
Huntington's disease is most associated with decreased amounts of _________ in the striatum (i.e. caudate and putamen of the basal ganglia)?
GABA
(leads to an overproduction of dopamine which leads to chorea--uncontrollable and irregular movements)
348
people progress from infantile dependency to mature interdependency is a tenet of which psychotherapy?
George Kelly's *self in relation*
349
Transference
projecting one's feelings about an important figure onto someone else
(therapist)
350
"Dysfunctional **automatic** thoughts"
Beck vs. Ellis
Beck
\*thoughts could or could not be rational
351
"dysfunctional **irrational** thoughts"
Beck vs. Ellis
Ellis
352
displacement
redirecting emotions from one person to a safe target
ex. dad yelling at nurse instead of marquita
353
transference
transferring feelings of someone special to a different person (therapist)
ex. observing characteristics of your mother in your new boss;
----
"i love my new supervisor. ι'd do anything for her"
"you **remind** me of my old bf"
354
projection
accusing someone else of what you actually think/feel/believe
355
Wolpe is associated with
systematic desensitization
(type of counter conditioning; helpful for phobias)
356
Sternberg's Triarchic Model
componential (analytical)--process and analyze info
experiential (creative)--respond to unknown
contextual (practical)--respond to environment
*Three interacting facets of intelligence*
357
Guilford's Structure of Intelligence
358
Horn and Catell's Gf-Gc model
distinguishes between Gc and Gf
359
Caroll's three stratum model
stratum iii--general intelligence
stratum ii--eight broad abilities
stratum i--abilites linked to broad abilities
360
Gardner's Mulitiple Intelligences Model
**Eight intellectual abilities**
linguisitc
logical-mathematical
musical
bodily-kinesthetic
spatial
interpersonal
intrapersonal
naturalist
361
Theories of Emotions
**James-Lange**--I am afraid because I run
**Cannon-Bard**--emotions and thoughts occur together
**Schacter-Singer Cog Arousal**--emotions are because of physical arousal and cognitive intepretation of the arousal
362
363
Most important group therapeutic factors are...
cohesiveness,
interpersonal learning
carthasis
364
James Lange
*Theory of Emotion*
Physical reaction causes emotion
"I am sad because I cry"
365
Cannon-Bard theory
*Theory of Emotion*
emotions cause physiological symptoms/happen at the same time
I'm sad and I am crying
366
Schacter and Singer
*Theories of Emotion*
emotions = physical arousal + cognitive appraisal of the arousal
367
lazarus cognitive appraisal theory
primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and reappraisal
368
The personality trait of social inhibition is usually evident by what age?
4 months
369
Electroconvulsive therapy and memory
patchy anterograde amnesia (lasts up to 6 months)
temporary retrograde amnesia (of months leading up to ECT)
370
Sequence of interventions in psychoanalytic theory
Confrontation
Clarification
Interpretation
Working Through
371
372
Interpesonal Therapy uses which model?
Medical model--focused on relieving symptoms
373
Object relations key term
re-parenting
*emotional non-neutrality*
374
Bowenian approach was strongly influenced by...
psychoanalytics
***insight** heavy---gaining insight through transgeneration approach*
375
Kohut is an object relations therapist best known for his work in...
## Footnote
**narcissim**
*parents responding in unempathetic ways creates narcissitic chidren*
376
Unlike Psychoanalysis, Gestalt therapy focuses on the...
here and now
377
Transference in psychoanalysis vs. gestalt therapy
encouraged vs. seen as a distortion impacting contact boudnary
378
Functions of defense mechanisms in psychoanalytics are...
to keep the id's impulses from reaching consciousness
(happens when ego can't subdue id)
379
which ethnic group has the lowest drop out rate?
Asian americans
380
which ethnic group has the highest drop out group
African Americans
