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Exams > Research Design & Analysis Exam 2 > Flashcards

Research Design & Analysis Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

self-report measure

A

operationalizes a variable by recording people’s answers to questions about themselves in a questionnaire

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2
Q

observational measure

A

operationalizes a variable by recording observable behaviors or physical traces of behaviors

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3
Q

physiological measure

A

operationalizes a variable by recording biological data such as brain activity, hormone levels, etc.

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4
Q

quantitative data

A

data that is collected numerically or intended to be coded numerically

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5
Q

categorical variable

A

scale is assessed in categories (sex, race, gender, etc.)

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6
Q

ordinal variables

A

variables measured in ranks

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7
Q

test-retest reliability

A

a participant will get pretty much the same score each time they are measured with it

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7
Q

continuous scales

A

equal distance between each scale position

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8
Q

interrater reliability

A

consistent scores are obtained no matter who measures the variable

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9
Q

internal reliability

A

a participant gives a consistent pattern of answers, no matter how the researcher phrases the question

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10
Q

correlation coefficient

A

direction (position/negative sign) associated with the number
-strength (the number)

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11
Q

face validity

A

it looks like what you want to measure

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12
Q

content validity

A

the measure contains all the parts that your theory says it should contain

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13
Q

criterion validity

A

evaluate whether the measure under consideration correlates with behavioral outcomes we expect

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14
Q

convergent validity

A

the measure correlates with the other, and establishes measures designed to the same or similar constructs

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15
Q

why conduct surveys?

A

-to study relationships between/among variables
-provides a methodology for asking people to tell about themselves

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16
Q

discrimination validity

A

the measure does not correlate with the other, establishes measures designed to the same or similar constructs

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17
Q

questionnaires

A

-personal admin to groups or students
-mail surveys
-internet surveys

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18
Q

interviews

A

-face to face interviews
-telephone interviews
-focus group interviews

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19
Q

response set

A

a type of shortcut people can take when answering survey questions

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20
Q

acquiescence

A

when people say yes to every item instead of carefully thinking about each one

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21
Q

fence sitting

A

playing it safe by answering in the middle of the scale, especially for controversial studies

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22
Q

naturalistic observation

A

-observation in natural setting
-no attempt to intervene or change situation

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23
Q

observer effects

A

when participants confirm observer expectations

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24
Q

how to prevent observer bias?

A

-train observers well
-provide clear rating instructions
-multiple observers

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25
Q

reactivity

A

change in participants behavior when they know they are being watched

26
Q

population

A

entire set of people or products in which you are interested

27
Q

sample

A

a smaller set taken from the population

28
Q

census

A

a set of observations that contains all members of the population of interest

29
Q

biased sample

A

when some members of the population of interest are left out, resulting in the results not being generalized to the population

30
Q

unbiased sample

A

when all members of the population are equally included

31
Q

convenience sampling

A

sampling only those who are easy to contact

32
Q

self-selection

A

sampling only those who volunteer

33
Q

simple random sampling

A

when the sample is chosen randomly from the population

34
Q

systematic sampling

A

when the researcher uses a randomly chosen number, N, and counts off every Nth member of a population

35
Q

cluster sampling

A

when clusters of participants within the population of interest are selected at random

36
Q

multistage sampling

A

involves a random sample of clusters followed by a random sample of people within the selected clusters

37
Q

stratified random sampling

A

when the researcher identifies particular categories, and then randomly selects individuals within each category

38
Q

oversampling

A

when the researcher overrepresents one or more group

39
Q

random assignment

A

used only in experimental designs to assign participants to groups at random

40
Q

what does random sampling increase?

A

external validity

41
Q

what does random assignment increase?

A

internal validity

42
Q

purposive sampling

A

a biased sampling technique in which only certain kinds of people are included in a sample

43
Q

snowball sampling

A

when participants are asked to recommend acquaintances for the study

44
Q

quota sampling

A

when the researcher identifies subsets of the population, sets a target number, and non randomly selects individuals within each category until the quotas are filled

45
Q

time sampling

A

choose time intervals for making observations

46
Q

situation sampling

A

choose different settings or conditions for observations

47
Q

bivariate correlations

A

associations that involve exactly two variables

48
Q

t test

A

a statistic to test the difference between two group averages

49
Q

what makes a study correlational?

A

having two measure variables

50
Q

effect size

A

describes the strength of an association

51
Q

outlier

A

-extreme scores in a few cases
-can make a correlation seem stronger or weaker than it really is

52
Q

restriction of range

A

-lack of full range of scores on one of the variables
-makes correlations appear smaller than they really are

53
Q

curvilinear association

A

association between two variables is not a straight line

54
Q

directionality problem

A

unable to determine which variable comes first

55
Q

third variable problem

A

a potential third variable might explain the relationship between the first two

56
Q

spurious association

A

a bivariate association that is attributable only to systematic mean differences on subgroups within the sample, not the original association

57
Q

moderator

A

a variable the changes the relationship between two other variables

58
Q

multivariate design

A

involve more than two measured variables

59
Q

what are the three criteria to establish causation?

A

-covariance
-temporal precedence
-internal validity

60
Q

longitudinal research

A

compares the same group to itself over time

61
Q

cross sectional research

A

compares two variables or groups of people to one variable, at one time-point

62
Q

parsimony

A

the degree to which a scientific theory provides the simplest explanation of some phenomenon

Exams (13 decks)

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