Research Analysis & Design Exam 1

Question 1

psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of mental processes and behaviors

Question 2

empiricism

Answer 2

the use of verifiable evidence as the basis for conclusions

Question 3

theory

Answer 3

a statement that describes general principles about how variables relate

Question 4

hypothesis

Answer 4

a statement of the result that researchers expect to observe

Question 5

data

Answer 5

a set of observations representing the values of some variable

Question 6

applied research

Answer 6

research whose goal is to find the solution to a real-world problem

Question 7

basic research

Answer 7

research whose goal is to enhance knowledge without regard for direct application to practical problems

Question 8

translational research

Answer 8

research that uses knowledge derived from basic research to test solutions to real-world problems

Question 9

journal

Answer 9

a monthly periodical containing peer-reviewed articles on an academic discipline

Question 10

journalism

Answer 10

news and commentary published or broadcast in the popular media

Question 11

falsifiable

Answer 11

it is possible for collected data to be wrong

Question 12

what is an example of being a consumer of research as a student?

Answer 12

attending a student research symposium or academic conference

Question 13

describe the difference between basic and applied research

Answer 13

basic and applied research aim to achieve different objectives

Question 14

what is the relationship between hypotheses and theories

Answer 14

hypotheses test the accuracy of a theory

Question 15

why do scientific journals use peer review

Answer 15

to ensure the research published meets high quality standards

Question 16

what is the difference between articles published in scientific journals and journalistic articles

Answer 16

journal articles are written by scientist while journalistic articles aren’t

Question 17

when should you be cautious about the reliability of someones advice

Answer 17

when they base their recommendations solely on their personal experiences

Question 18

which is the first section of an empirical journal article

Answer 18

abstract

Question 19

for a comprehensive overview of the impact of diet on heart attack risk? which scientific source would be best?

Answer 19

meta-analysis

Question 20

which two sections could you quickly read to get a summary of an article

Answer 20

the abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion

Question 21

name a way that the scientific reasoner is different from the intuitive thinker

Answer 21

they create comparison groups and use systematic research

Question 22

what is an example of an association claim

Answer 22

owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction

Question 23

stefan wants to establish a causal relationship in his dissertation, what is necessary to do so

Answer 23

he must conduct an experiment

Question 24

what is NOT a research claim

Answer 24

teens spend too much time texting and driving

Question 25

what did NOT occur in the tuskegee study

Answer 25

participants in the study were infected with the disease

Question 26

according to the belmont report, which group is entitled to special protection

Answer 26

people with developmental disabilities

Question 27

what is NOT an example of coercion

Answer 27

offering extra credit for participation

Question 28

dr. kushner is considering using prisoners in his study, which member must be on the IRB reviewing his study

Answer 28

a prisoner advocate

Question 29

what are the three principles of the belmont report

Answer 29

-respect for others -beneficence -justice

Question 30

why is the producer role important

Answer 30

-coursework in psych -for graduate school -for working in a research lab

Question 31

why is the consumer role important

Answer 31

-for psychology courses -when reading online news stories based on research -for your future career

Question 32

how do scientists approach their work

Answer 32

-they're empiricists -they test theories -they tackle applied and basic problems

Question 33

what are the four components of research vs. your experience

Answer 33

-experience has no comparison group -experience is confounded -research is better than experience -research is probabilistic

Question 34

comparison group

Answer 34

enables us to compare what would happen both with and without the thing we are interested in

Question 35

what are confounds

Answer 35

alternative explanations for an outcome

Question 36

availability heuristic

Answer 36

things that pop up easily in our minds tend to guide our thinking

Question 36

present/present bias

Answer 36

when people incorrectly estimate the relationship between an event and its outcome, because they focus on when the event and outcome are present, but not when they aren't

Question 37

confirmation bias

Answer 37

the tendency to consider only the evidence that supports a hypothesis

Question 38

bias/bias blind spot

Answer 38

the tendency for people to think that compared to others, they are less likely to engage in biased reasoning

Question 39

intuitive thinker vs. scientific reasoner

Answer 39

-we make mistakes when we base our reasoning on intuition rather than on empiricism -researchers create comparison groups and look at all data

Question 40

components of an empirical journal article

Answer 40

-abstract -introduction -method -results -discussion -references

Question 41

variable

Answer 41

something that varies, typically has two levels

Question 42

constant

Answer 42

something that could potentially vary but that has only one level in the study

Question 43

measured variable

Answer 43

one whose levels are simply observed and recorded

Question 44

manipulated variable

Answer 44

a variable a researcher controls

Question 45

conceptual variable

Answer 45

a variable of interest, stated at an abstract level

Question 46

operational variable

Answer 46

the way in which a concept of interest is measured or manipulated as a variable in a study

Question 47

frequency claim

Answer 47

describe a particular rate or degree of a single variable

Question 48

association claim

Answer 48

argues that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable

Question 49

causal claims

Answer 49

argues that one of the variables is responsible for changing the other

Question 50

construct validity

Answer 50

an indication of how well a variable was measured or manipulated in a study

Question 51

external validity

Answer 51

an indication of how well the results of a study generalize to or represent individuals or contexts besides those in the study itself

Question 52

statistical validity

Answer 52

the extent to which statistical conclusions derived from a study are accurate and reasonable

Question 53

covariance

Answer 53

the degree to which two variables go together

Question 54

temporal precedence

Answer 54

states that the proposed causal variable comes first in time

Question 55

what are some things that make an experiment unethical?

Answer 55

-being treated disrespectfully -being harmed -targeting disadvantaged groups

Question 56

beneficence

Answer 56

to comply with it, researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and ensure their well-being

Question 57

justice