Psychology Final Exam

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

a person’s distinctive way of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Question 2

behavioral genetics

Answer 2

the study of the impact of genes (nature) and environment (nurture) on personality and behavior

Question 3

id

Answer 3

animalistic part of the mind that generates our impulses such as sex and aggression (pleasure principle)

Question 4

superego

Answer 4

part of the mind that imposes the id and enforces rules and restrictions (similar to conscience)

Question 5

ego

Answer 5

part of the mind that serves as a mediator between the id and ego (reality principle)

Question 6

repression

Answer 6

hides your id impulse in the unconscious to keep you unaware

Question 7

denial

Answer 7

blocks external events from the consciousness that are too threatening

Question 8

regression

Answer 8

retreats to an earlier time in your life when the current stressor is absent

Question 9

projection

Answer 9

“projects” your id impulse onto others so that it appears they have it rather than you

Question 10

rationalization

Answer 10

comes up with acceptable explanations for behaviors based on your id impulses

Question 11

reaction formation

Answer 11

overreacts against the id by doing the exact opposite, overcompensating

Question 12

displacement

Answer 12

redirects the id impulses towards a safer target to minimize consequences to you

Question 13

self-actualization

Answer 13

fully becoming the person you have the potential to be requires positive regard (warmth, love, acceptance)

Question 14

conditions of worth

Answer 14

requirements you must meet to earn others’ positive regard

Question 15

incongruence

Answer 15

mismatch between real self and ideal self (leads to unhappiness, mental illness)

Question 16

congruence

Answer 16

match between real self and ideal self (mental wellness)

Question 17

creator of self-actualization

Answer 17

abraham maslow

Question 18

OCEAN

Answer 18

-openness to experience
-conscientiousness
-extraversion
-agreeableness
-neuroticism

Question 19

openness to experience

Answer 19

high score: curious about new ideas, considers the unfamiliar
low score: traditional, conventional

Question 20

conscientiousness

Answer 20

high score: organized, methodical, disciplined
low score: spontaneous, laid-back, tendency to not execute plans

Question 21

extraversion

Answer 21

high score: outgoing, sociable, talkative
low score: introverted, shy, prefers to be alone

Question 22

agreeableness

Answer 22

high score: cooperative, sympathetic
low score: hardheaded, competitive

Question 23

neuroticism

Answer 23

high score: anxiety, sadness, negative
low score: emotional stability, security in stressful situations

Question 24

social psychology

Answer 24

the scientific study of how people think, influence, and relate to each other

Question 25

social norms

Answer 25

expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior

Question 26

conformity

Answer 26

altering of one's behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match others' expectations

Question 27

what did sherif study?

Answer 27

how norms develop in small groups

Question 28

what was learned from sherif's study?

Answer 28

-participatns turned to each other for guidance -when faced with uncertainty, others served as a valuable source of information

Question 29

why do people conform?

Answer 29

-need to be right -fear of ostracism

Question 30

majority influence

Answer 30

factors that influence feelings of pressure and insecurity that lead to conformity

Question 31

compliance

Answer 31

tendency to agree to do things requested by others

Question 32

what factors increase compliance?

Answer 32

-being in a good mood -complying to requests you barely pay attention to

Question 33

norm of reciprocity

Answer 33

dictates that we treat others the way they have treated us

Question 34

foot in the door effect

Answer 34

the idea that if people agree to small request, they become more likely to comply with larger request

Question 35

door in the face

Answer 35

people are more likely to agree to small request after they refuse large requests

Question 36

obedience

Answer 36

when a person follows the orders of a person of authority

Question 37

egoistic

Answer 37

motivated by the desire to improve one's own welfare

Question 38

altruistic

Answer 38

motivated by the desire to improve another's welfare

Question 39

reciprocal altruism

Answer 39

involves an individual helping another and becoming more likely to receive help from the other in return

Question 40

indirect reciprocity

Answer 40

an individual who helps someone becomes more likely to receive help from someone else

Question 41

bystander effect

Answer 41

the failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need when other people are present

Question 42

social cognition

Answer 42

a person's thoughts about other people and the social world

Question 43

attribution theory

Answer 43

theory that behavior is caused either by traits within the individual or by the situation surrounding the individual

Question 44

fundamental attribution error

Answer 44

explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate factors

Question 45

mere exposure effect

Answer 45

idea that greater exposure to a stimulus leads to greater liking for it

Question 46

cognitive dissonance

Answer 46

an uncomfy mental state resulting from a contradiction between two attitude or between an attitude and a behavior