Research Flashcards
Demand characteristics
Unintentional cues in experimental environment that affect results if the study
Hawthorne effect
Occurs when research subjects act differently bc of the novelty of the situation and the special attention they receive
Carryover effects
Occur in repeated measures designs when the effects of one to have an impact on the effects of subsequent txs.
Cross-sectional research design
2 or more different age groups are compared to determine whether aging has an effect on a particular dependent variable
Cohort effects
Common problem with cross-sectional designs that refers to the difference in the experiences between the two groups
Excessive variability in a behavior targeted by a study poses greatest threat to which research design?
Single subject
When do you use the Pearson r?
When determining the strength of a correlation between 2 variables that are measured on a interval or ratio scale
When the range of scores is restricted in a study the correlation/reliability coefficient will be affected in what direction
Lower
What is protocol analysis?
“Think aloud” technique: subjects are instructed to verbalize their thoughts in a manner that doesn’t alter the sequence of thought mediating the completion of a task
Functional analysis
Used to identify the function of a behavior-antecedents and consequences
Event sampling
Used for behavior that occurs infrequently
Situation sampling
Used for observing behavior Ina variety of situations
Cluster sampling
Randomly selecting naturally occurring groups in the population and then selecting participants from within the selected clusters
Stratified sampling
Involves dividing a population into subsets (age, race, etc.) and then randomly selecting participants from each stratum.
Systematic sampling
Every nth member (every 10th) of a target population is selected
External validity refer to the studies…
Generalizability. Beyond time setting and subjects.
Eta
A correlation coefficient used for non-linear or curvilinear relationships
Regression analysis
A method used to estimate the value of one variable based on the value of another variable
Structural modeling
A variety of techniques based on correlations between multiple variables
Confidence intervals are used to
Determine the range within which a true score in a test is likely to fall, given the obtained score .
Difference between MANOVA and Discriminant function analysis
MANOVA - the IV are the groups and the DV are the predictors. Used to analyze the effects of one or more IVs on two or more DVs that are each measured on ratio or interval data
DA is used to determine which continuous variables discriminate between two or more naturally occurring groups or to provide insights into how each predictor (grades, GRE score) influence graduate school completion.
Mixed research design
One between subjects IV an at least one repeated measures variable (within-subjects variable)
The major threat to internal validity of a time-series quasi-expert is?
History
Parametric vs. nonparametric statistical tests
Parametric tests assume that the data is normally distributed and are used to estimate population parameters. Provide more accurate and precise results than nonparametric tests.
Nonparametric tests do not make assumptions about and do not attempt to estimate papilla ton parameters.
What is ecological fallacy
A logic error that occurs when trying to prove causation
What is Tautology?
A logic error based in circular reasoning
Teleology
A logic error which explains a phenomenon by saying that it was some spirit or higher power
Latent coding
Occurs when a researcher reads into the meaning of the content of the data rather than simply taking it at face value
The difference between the point biserial correlation coefficient and the biserial coefficient
The point biserial is used when a dichotomous variable is correlated with a continuous variable an the biserial is used with an artificial dichotomy - created arbitrarily by setting a cutoff score on a test.
