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Neuropsychology Flashcards

0
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Expressive aphasia

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1
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Receptive aphasia

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2
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Damage to nerve fibers connecting Broca’s to Wernicke’s area and most typically results in difficulty repeating what one has heard

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4
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of muscle coordination

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5
Q

Agnosia

A

Non-language comprehension deficits. Inability to identify something such as a familiar face, tone or sounds, or not recognizing a body part when touched.

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6
Q

Aphasia

A

Language deficit

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9
Q

Akinesia

A

Lack of voluntary motion

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10
Q

Starvation in Anorexia is believed to be precipitated by:

A

High levels of serotonin = appetite suppression and anxiety

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11
Q

Low levels of serotonin are associated with:

A

Depression and binge eating

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12
Q

High levels of serotonin are associated with:

A

Anxiety and appetite suppression

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13
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

Emotions represent perceptions of bodily reactions to sensory stimuli

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14
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

Emotional and bodily reactions occur simultaneously

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15
Q

Two-Factor Theory

A

Subjective emotional experience is a consequence of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal and the environmental context in which it occurs. Remember schachter and Singer’s famous “epinephrine” study

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16
Q

Cognitive appraisal theory

A

Lazarus
Emotions are universal but there are differences in how emotion-arousing events are interpreted or appraised. When two people make the same cognitive appraisal they will experience the same emotions regardless of the nature of the actual events

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17
Q

What is Papez’s circuit?

A

A neural circuit that mediates the experience and expression of emotion. It includes the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior nuclei of the thalamus, and cingulate gyrus.

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18
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

A

Plays a key role in attaching emotion to memory and it evaluates incoming sensory information, determines it’s emotional importance, and mediates emotional response to information.

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19
Q

What are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome?

A

Identify alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

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20
Q

What are the four distinct wave patterns:

A

Beta waves: alert, fully awake
Alpha waves: Awake, restored, relaxed
Theta waves: deep relaxation, light sleep
Delta waves: deep sleep

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21
Q

What are the effects of hormone replacement therapy?

A

Used to reduce negative effects of menopause
Eliminates hot flashes, mood swigs, vaginal dryness and reduces the risk of bone loss.
Increases risk of blood clits, stroke, breast cancer

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22
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Sex-related differences in physical appearance and brain structure including hippocampus, corpus callosum, and SCN.

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23
Q

What brain waves are associated the the 5 sleep stages

A

Stage 1: alpha - theta
Stage 2: theta with burrs of spindles and k complexes
Stage 3-4: delta waves
Stage 5: REM sleep…theta waves

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24
Q

Temporal lobe personality is characterized by…

A

Emphasis on trivial aspects of life, pedantic speech, perseveration of speech, preoccupation, argentativeness, aggressive outbursts

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25
Q

List the 4 brain wave patterns in progressive order

A

Beta: awake; REM
Alpha: stage 1 sleep relaxed
Theta: stage 2, deep relaxation, light sleep
Delta: stages 3 and 4, deep sleep

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26
Q

What is the biggest difference between typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics?

A

Atypicals such as risperidone have a much lower incidence of tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal side effects. Equally effective with positive symptoms and more effective with negative symptoms.

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27
What is prospective memory?
Ability to remember to perform an action at a particular point in the future.
28
What is apperceptive visual agnosia?
Inability to recognize familiar objects in poor conditions such as low lighting, shadows, when objects are overlapping or from a atypical view
29
Temporal lobe personality is characterized by...
Emphasis on trivial aspects of life, pedantic speech, perseveration of speech, preoccupation, argentativeness, aggressive outbursts
30
List the 4 brain wave patterns in progressive order
Beta: awake; REM Alpha: stage 1 sleep relaxed Theta: stage 2, deep relaxation, light sleep Delta: stages 3 and 4, deep sleep
31
What is the biggest difference between typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics?
Atypicals such as risperidone have a much lower incidence of tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal side effects. Equally effective with positive symptoms and more effective with negative symptoms.
32
What is prospective memory?
Ability to remember to perform an action at a particular point in the future.
33
What is apperceptive visual agnosia?
Inability to recognize familiar objects in poor conditions such as low lighting, shadows, when objects are overlapping or from a atypical view
34
Temporal lobe personality is characterized by...
Emphasis on trivial aspects of life, pedantic speech, perseveration of speech, preoccupation, argentativeness, aggressive outbursts
35
Anticholinergic effects are related to what neurotransmitter and are related to what drugs? Symptoms include?
Acetylcholine Tricyclics Antidepressants & antipsychotics Dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, constipation, urinary retention, tachycardia, and confusion.
36
Constructive memory or false memories are associated with damage to what are of the brain?
the frontal lobes, especially the prefrontal cortex
37
What is paraprosopia?
Visual hallucinations of terrifying faces
38
Prosopagnosia
Inability to recognize faces
39
Main functions of the caudate nucleus
Processing and memory of feedback from the environment and language comprehension Role in human love Dysfunctional in people with OCD
40
Tardive dyskinesia would most likely be a side effect of what type of medications?
Neuroleptics - a class of antipsychotics including haloperidol
41
Outbursts and aggressive behavior is associated with a lesion in...
Medial hypothalamus
42
Indifference and apathy is associated with lesions in...
Right hemisphere of cerebral cortex
43
Receptive aphasia is associated with lesions in...
Dominant temporal lobe, including Wernicke's area
44
Deficits in recent long-term memory is associated with lesions in....
Thalamus, hippocampus, or prefrontal cortex
45
A stroke or head trauma is most likely to result in
Impairment in ability to retain newly learned information
46
What are the 6 basic emotions?
``` Happiness Surprise Fear Sadness Disgust Anger ```
47
What is the principle of mass action?
States that in many types of learning the cerebral cortex acts as a whole
48
The principle of equipotentiality states:
Thy certain small areas of the brain can take on the function of larger related areas that have been destroyed
49
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is associated with damage to the:
Amygdala and is characterized by reduced fear and aggression, increased acquiescence, and hypersexuality.
50
Yerkes and Dodson are known for
Inverted U relationship between arousal and performance
51
Miller and Dillard are known for
Frustration-aggression theory, which proposed that frustration always precedes aggression.
52
Paraphasia
Difficulty evoking or retrieving a particular word and instead using an incorrect word or phrase is substituted for an intended word
53
Apraxia
Disorder of articulation in which individuals have difficulty planning, initiating, and sequencing speech movements accurately
54
Dysarthria
Collective name for a group of motor speech disorders caused by a disturbance in the neuromuscular control of speech
55
Dysprosody
Difficulties in rhythm and intonation, affecting enunciation, pronunciation and patterns of stress
56
General adaptation syndrome
Alarm Resistance Exhaustion Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
57
Serial lesion effect
A number of small lesions produces less deficit than one large lesion
58
``` Traditional antipsychotics Name? Use/Effectiveness? Mode if action? Side effects ```
Chlorpromazine Fluphenazine Thiothixene Haloperidol Effective for positive symptoms and less effective for negative symptoms Block dopamine receptors Side effects Anticholinergic Extrapyramidal - Tardive dyskinesia Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
59
Anticholinergic effects
Main side effects of traditional antipsychotics. Include dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia, delayed ejaculation
60
Atypical antipsychotics Name Use/effectiveness Mode of action Side effects
Clozapine Resperidone Olanzapine Quetiapine Effective for positive and negative symptoms; may have slower onset of therapeutic effects Act on D4, other dopamine receptors and serotonin and glutamate Anticholinergic effects Agranulocytosis - decrease in white blood cells NMS
61
Tricyclics (TCAs) Name Use Mode of action Side effects
``` Amitriptyline Doxepin Imipramine Clomipramine Nortriptyline ``` Use: depression with vegetative and somatic symptoms; panic disorder, OCD (clomipramine); enuresis (imipramine); neuropathic pain (amitriptyline and nortriptyline) Side effects: cardio toxic; anticholinergic
62
SSRI Name Use Mode of action Side effects
Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Paroxetine Sertraline Use: depression, OCD, panic, PTSD Mode of action: block reuptake if serotonin Side effects: GI, insomnia, anxiety, headaches, dizziness, tremor, anorexia, sexual dysfunction, frequent urination
63
MAOI Name Use Mode of action Side effects
Isocarboxazid Phenelzine Tranylcypromine Use: atypical depression that involves anxiety, hypersomnia hyperphagia and interpersonal sensitivity Mode: inhibit monoamine oxidase Side effects: hypertensive crisis
64
Motor triad for Parkinson's disorder
Rigidity, tremor, slowness of movement
65
Indifference and apathy are likely consequences of lesions in the
Right hemisphere if the cerebral cortex
66
Memory loss is the result of lesions in the
Thalamus, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex
67
Sexual dimorphism
Any consistent difference between makes and females in size or shape. Enables animals to identify males and females of their species to facilitate mating
68
Gould and Gross found no evidence of neurogenesis in what area?
Striated cortex - handles the initial and more rudimentary steps of visual processing.
69
What is a common use of naltrexone and common side effects
Treat alcohol abuse disorders by reducing the desire for alcohol after drinking has stopped and blocking the reinforcing effects or parts of the brain that feel pleasure when using alcohol Side effects include nausea, headaches, insomnia, anxiety, dizziness, constipation
70
What neurotransmitter is associated with depression and chronic pain?
Norepinephrine
71
Basal forebrain
Connects the temporal lobes and is involved in long term memory
72
Striatum
Controls various muscle activities such as walking and balance
73
Diencephalon
Comprised of the thalamus and hypothalamus (between brain bc located between two hemispheres)
74
Peripheral cortex
Amygdala and neocortex | Right frontal and temporal lobes of episodic component an the temporal lobes for the semantic component
75
Declarative memory is associated with what areas of the brain
Hippocampus Temporal cortex Diencephalon - thalamus and hypothal Peripheral cortex - amygdala and neocortex
76
Post vs precentral gyrus
Post includes somatosensory cortex - damage would cause numbness and contralateral neglect Pre is responsible for motor functioning

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