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EPPP > Neuropsychology > Flashcards

Neuropsychology Flashcards

0
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Expressive aphasia

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1
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Receptive aphasia

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2
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Damage to nerve fibers connecting Broca’s to Wernicke’s area and most typically results in difficulty repeating what one has heard

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4
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of muscle coordination

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5
Q

Agnosia

A

Non-language comprehension deficits. Inability to identify something such as a familiar face, tone or sounds, or not recognizing a body part when touched.

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6
Q

Aphasia

A

Language deficit

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9
Q

Akinesia

A

Lack of voluntary motion

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10
Q

Starvation in Anorexia is believed to be precipitated by:

A

High levels of serotonin = appetite suppression and anxiety

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11
Q

Low levels of serotonin are associated with:

A

Depression and binge eating

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12
Q

High levels of serotonin are associated with:

A

Anxiety and appetite suppression

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13
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

Emotions represent perceptions of bodily reactions to sensory stimuli

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14
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

Emotional and bodily reactions occur simultaneously

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15
Q

Two-Factor Theory

A

Subjective emotional experience is a consequence of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal and the environmental context in which it occurs. Remember schachter and Singer’s famous “epinephrine” study

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16
Q

Cognitive appraisal theory

A

Lazarus
Emotions are universal but there are differences in how emotion-arousing events are interpreted or appraised. When two people make the same cognitive appraisal they will experience the same emotions regardless of the nature of the actual events

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17
Q

What is Papez’s circuit?

A

A neural circuit that mediates the experience and expression of emotion. It includes the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior nuclei of the thalamus, and cingulate gyrus.

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18
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

A

Plays a key role in attaching emotion to memory and it evaluates incoming sensory information, determines it’s emotional importance, and mediates emotional response to information.

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19
Q

What are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome?

A

Identify alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

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20
Q

What are the four distinct wave patterns:

A

Beta waves: alert, fully awake
Alpha waves: Awake, restored, relaxed
Theta waves: deep relaxation, light sleep
Delta waves: deep sleep

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21
Q

What are the effects of hormone replacement therapy?

A

Used to reduce negative effects of menopause
Eliminates hot flashes, mood swigs, vaginal dryness and reduces the risk of bone loss.
Increases risk of blood clits, stroke, breast cancer

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22
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Sex-related differences in physical appearance and brain structure including hippocampus, corpus callosum, and SCN.

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23
Q

What brain waves are associated the the 5 sleep stages

A

Stage 1: alpha - theta
Stage 2: theta with burrs of spindles and k complexes
Stage 3-4: delta waves
Stage 5: REM sleep…theta waves

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24
Q

Temporal lobe personality is characterized by…

A

Emphasis on trivial aspects of life, pedantic speech, perseveration of speech, preoccupation, argentativeness, aggressive outbursts

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25
Q

List the 4 brain wave patterns in progressive order

A

Beta: awake; REM
Alpha: stage 1 sleep relaxed
Theta: stage 2, deep relaxation, light sleep
Delta: stages 3 and 4, deep sleep

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26
Q

What is the biggest difference between typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics?

A

Atypicals such as risperidone have a much lower incidence of tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal side effects. Equally effective with positive symptoms and more effective with negative symptoms.

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27
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Ability to remember to perform an action at a particular point in the future.

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28
Q

What is apperceptive visual agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize familiar objects in poor conditions such as low lighting, shadows, when objects are overlapping or from a atypical view

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29
Q

Temporal lobe personality is characterized by…

A

Emphasis on trivial aspects of life, pedantic speech, perseveration of speech, preoccupation, argentativeness, aggressive outbursts

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30
Q

List the 4 brain wave patterns in progressive order

A

Beta: awake; REM
Alpha: stage 1 sleep relaxed
Theta: stage 2, deep relaxation, light sleep
Delta: stages 3 and 4, deep sleep

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31
Q

What is the biggest difference between typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics?

A

Atypicals such as risperidone have a much lower incidence of tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal side effects. Equally effective with positive symptoms and more effective with negative symptoms.

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32
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Ability to remember to perform an action at a particular point in the future.

33
Q

What is apperceptive visual agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize familiar objects in poor conditions such as low lighting, shadows, when objects are overlapping or from a atypical view

34
Q

Temporal lobe personality is characterized by…

A

Emphasis on trivial aspects of life, pedantic speech, perseveration of speech, preoccupation, argentativeness, aggressive outbursts

35
Q

Anticholinergic effects are related to what neurotransmitter and are related to what drugs? Symptoms include?

A

Acetylcholine
Tricyclics Antidepressants & antipsychotics

Dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, constipation, urinary retention, tachycardia, and confusion.

36
Q

Constructive memory or false memories are associated with damage to what are of the brain?

A

the frontal lobes, especially the prefrontal cortex

37
Q

What is paraprosopia?

A

Visual hallucinations of terrifying faces

38
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize faces

39
Q

Main functions of the caudate nucleus

A

Processing and memory of feedback from the environment and language comprehension
Role in human love
Dysfunctional in people with OCD

40
Q

Tardive dyskinesia would most likely be a side effect of what type of medications?

A

Neuroleptics - a class of antipsychotics including haloperidol

41
Q

Outbursts and aggressive behavior is associated with a lesion in…

A

Medial hypothalamus

42
Q

Indifference and apathy is associated with lesions in…

A

Right hemisphere of cerebral cortex

43
Q

Receptive aphasia is associated with lesions in…

A

Dominant temporal lobe, including Wernicke’s area

44
Q

Deficits in recent long-term memory is associated with lesions in….

A

Thalamus, hippocampus, or prefrontal cortex

45
Q

A stroke or head trauma is most likely to result in

A

Impairment in ability to retain newly learned information

46
Q

What are the 6 basic emotions?

A 
Happiness
Surprise
Fear
Sadness
Disgust
Anger
47
Q

What is the principle of mass action?

A

States that in many types of learning the cerebral cortex acts as a whole

48
Q

The principle of equipotentiality states:

A

Thy certain small areas of the brain can take on the function of larger related areas that have been destroyed

49
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is associated with damage to the:

A

Amygdala and is characterized by reduced fear and aggression, increased acquiescence, and hypersexuality.

50
Q

Yerkes and Dodson are known for

A

Inverted U relationship between arousal and performance

51
Q

Miller and Dillard are known for

A

Frustration-aggression theory, which proposed that frustration always precedes aggression.

52
Q

Paraphasia

A

Difficulty evoking or retrieving a particular word and instead using an incorrect word or phrase is substituted for an intended word

53
Q

Apraxia

A

Disorder of articulation in which individuals have difficulty planning, initiating, and sequencing speech movements accurately

54
Q

Dysarthria

A

Collective name for a group of motor speech disorders caused by a disturbance in the neuromuscular control of speech

55
Q

Dysprosody

A

Difficulties in rhythm and intonation, affecting enunciation, pronunciation and patterns of stress

56
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

57
Q

Serial lesion effect

A

A number of small lesions produces less deficit than one large lesion

58
Q 
Traditional antipsychotics 
Name?
Use/Effectiveness?
Mode if action?
Side effects
A

Chlorpromazine
Fluphenazine
Thiothixene
Haloperidol

Effective for positive symptoms and less effective for negative symptoms

Block dopamine receptors

Side effects
Anticholinergic
Extrapyramidal - Tardive dyskinesia
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

59
Q

Anticholinergic effects

A

Main side effects of traditional antipsychotics. Include dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia, delayed ejaculation

60
Q

Atypical antipsychotics

Name
Use/effectiveness
Mode of action
Side effects

A

Clozapine
Resperidone
Olanzapine
Quetiapine

Effective for positive and negative symptoms; may have slower onset of therapeutic effects

Act on D4, other dopamine receptors and serotonin and glutamate

Anticholinergic effects
Agranulocytosis - decrease in white blood cells
NMS

61
Q

Tricyclics (TCAs)

Name
Use
Mode of action
Side effects

A 
Amitriptyline
Doxepin
Imipramine 
Clomipramine
Nortriptyline

Use: depression with vegetative and somatic symptoms; panic disorder, OCD (clomipramine); enuresis (imipramine); neuropathic pain (amitriptyline and nortriptyline)

Side effects: cardio toxic; anticholinergic

62
Q

SSRI

Name
Use
Mode of action
Side effects

A

Fluoxetine
Fluvoxamine
Paroxetine
Sertraline

Use: depression, OCD, panic, PTSD

Mode of action: block reuptake if serotonin

Side effects: GI, insomnia, anxiety, headaches, dizziness, tremor, anorexia, sexual dysfunction, frequent urination

63
Q

MAOI

Name
Use
Mode of action
Side effects

A

Isocarboxazid
Phenelzine
Tranylcypromine

Use: atypical depression that involves anxiety, hypersomnia hyperphagia and interpersonal sensitivity

Mode: inhibit monoamine oxidase

Side effects: hypertensive crisis

64
Q

Motor triad for Parkinson’s disorder

A

Rigidity, tremor, slowness of movement

65
Q

Indifference and apathy are likely consequences of lesions in the

A

Right hemisphere if the cerebral cortex

66
Q

Memory loss is the result of lesions in the

A

Thalamus, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex

67
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Any consistent difference between makes and females in size or shape. Enables animals to identify males and females of their species to facilitate mating

68
Q

Gould and Gross found no evidence of neurogenesis in what area?

A

Striated cortex - handles the initial and more rudimentary steps of visual processing.

69
Q

What is a common use of naltrexone and common side effects

A

Treat alcohol abuse disorders by reducing the desire for alcohol after drinking has stopped and blocking the reinforcing effects or parts of the brain that feel pleasure when using alcohol

Side effects include nausea, headaches, insomnia, anxiety, dizziness, constipation

70
Q

What neurotransmitter is associated with depression and chronic pain?

A

Norepinephrine

71
Q

Basal forebrain

A

Connects the temporal lobes and is involved in long term memory

72
Q

Striatum

A

Controls various muscle activities such as walking and balance

73
Q

Diencephalon

A

Comprised of the thalamus and hypothalamus (between brain bc located between two hemispheres)

74
Q

Peripheral cortex

A

Amygdala and neocortex

Right frontal and temporal lobes of episodic component an the temporal lobes for the semantic component

75
Q

Declarative memory is associated with what areas of the brain

A

Hippocampus
Temporal cortex
Diencephalon - thalamus and hypothal
Peripheral cortex - amygdala and neocortex

76
Q

Post vs precentral gyrus

A

Post includes somatosensory cortex - damage would cause numbness and contralateral neglect
Pre is responsible for motor functioning

EPPP (12 decks)

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