Developmental Psychology Flashcards
According to Carol Gilligan, what causes a girl to lose self-confidence in adolescence?
Disconnection from self and others due to denial of their feelings
What parenting style is most likely to raise very aggressive children?
Parents who use frequent and intermittent violence and have a laissez-faire attitude. Combine hostility with autonomy.
What is Speech Act Theory?
Proposes that by understanding the detail of what is being said that people will understand and communicate better with others.
Locutionary Act as used in Speech Act Theory
An utterance of a meaningful sentence or statement, the act of saying something
Illocutionary act (Speech Act Theory)
Intends to communicate. The way in which something is said
Perlocutionary act (speech act theory)
Weeks to change behavior. It is the effect of what was said on the listener
Propositional act (speech act theory)
Something referenced, but no communication may be intended
What are the three steps in Kohlberg’s theory of gender. What is the order and relative age of those three stages?
Gender identity age 3: boy v. girl
Gender stability age 4: won’t change over time
Gender constancy age 5-7: gender is the same despite appearance, behavior, desire
Children begin to recognize racial differences based on physical traits at what age?
3-4 years of age
What is the name of Piaget’s developmental theory? What does it propose?
Theory of epistemology
Develop cognitive structures in active and adaptive ways
What is Dewey’s theory of learning?
Learning is the ret of our experiences and attempts to make sense if experiences
What is Gagne’s theory of learning called?
Information processing approach and focuses on instruction and outcomes
What factor moderates the effect of authoritative parenting on academic performance and why.
Race
African American adolescents are more influenced by their peers than by parenting style.
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is based on?
Changes is social perspective
Babies whose mother used cocaine during pregnancy will most likely exhibit
Oversensitivity to stimulation
Excessive irritability
Retarded growth
–babies are easily agitated and difficult to soothe
Phoneme
Smallest unit of language
Morpheme
Smallest unit of language that carries meaning
What are the five stages proposed by Kubler-Ross?
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Symptoms of stranger anxiety usually begin in infants between
8-10 months and it peaks at 18 months of age
Common symptoms of CMV are
Mental retardation and visual and hearing impairments
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model
Microsystems: immediate environment (parents, siblings, classmates, teachers)
Mesosystem: connections between intermediate settings or aspects of the microsystem (between school & home)
Exosystem: social settings that don’t directly contain the developing individual (i.e. Parental workplace)
Macrosystem: religious values, laws, cultural customs, and economic resources
Chronosystem: dynamic, changing nature of the individual’s environment that occurs as a result of the passage if time.
Social referencing
Use emotional response of others as a cue to how to respond oneself. Infants begin to display around 6 months
What theory is Dewey associated with?
Constructivist theory of learning - learning is the result of experiences and attempts to make sense of this experiences. Each learner individually and socially constructs meaning for themselves as she or he learns
Vygotsky is associated with what theory?
Sociocultural theory - Described learning as first social and then individual
Piaget is associated with what theory?
Genetic epistemology theory - cognitive development occurs through adaptive and active ways such as learning
Gagne is associated with what theory
Information processing approach that emphasizes there are different types or levels of learning and that each requires different instruction. Learning outcomes and conditions necessary for each type of learning outcome.
5 categories of learning - verbal, intellectual, cognitive strategies, motor skills, attitudes
Piaget’s stages
Sensorimotor: birth - 2; learn through sensory; develop object permanence, deferred imitation
Preoperational: 2-7; increase in symbolic thought and language. Egocentrism, centration, magical thinking, irreversibility
Concrete: 7-11; develop reversibility and decentration which enables conservation and transivity (mentally sort objects)
Formal operations: 11-16; ability to abstract which enables hypothetical deductive reasoning, propositional thought, personal fable, imaginary audience
Self conscious emotions emerge around what age?
18-24 months
Preadolescent sibling relationships are most likely to be characterized as
Closeness and conflict
Animism
Belief that objects have thoughts and feelings - preoperational tage
Primary circular reactions
Sensorimotor stage - repetitive pleasurable actions
Centration
Inability to focus on more than one aspect of a situation or object at a time
Transduction
Preoperational stage - reasoning involving the tendency to move from one specific case to another with taking the general context
When a mother remarries, the amount if time the noncustodial father spends with his children
Decreases over time
What mediates the relationship between parental discipline and the development of a conscience in toddlers?
Fearfulness
Fearful kids need gentle discipline
Fearless kids need secure mother-child relationship
The three processes of identity process theory are
Identify assimilation - maintaining self-consistency
Identity accommodation - making changes in self
Identify balance - maintaining sense of self but changing when necessary
