Developmental Psychology

Question 0

According to Carol Gilligan, what causes a girl to lose self-confidence in adolescence?

Answer 0

Disconnection from self and others due to denial of their feelings

Question 1

What parenting style is most likely to raise very aggressive children?

Answer 1

Parents who use frequent and intermittent violence and have a laissez-faire attitude. Combine hostility with autonomy.

Question 2

What is Speech Act Theory?

Answer 2

Proposes that by understanding the detail of what is being said that people will understand and communicate better with others.

Question 3

Locutionary Act as used in Speech Act Theory

Answer 3

An utterance of a meaningful sentence or statement, the act of saying something

Question 4

Illocutionary act (Speech Act Theory)

Answer 4

Intends to communicate. The way in which something is said

Question 5

Perlocutionary act (speech act theory)

Answer 5

Weeks to change behavior. It is the effect of what was said on the listener

Question 6

Propositional act (speech act theory)

Answer 6

Something referenced, but no communication may be intended

Question 7

What are the three steps in Kohlberg’s theory of gender. What is the order and relative age of those three stages?

Answer 7

Gender identity age 3: boy v. girl
Gender stability age 4: won’t change over time
Gender constancy age 5-7: gender is the same despite appearance, behavior, desire

Question 8

Children begin to recognize racial differences based on physical traits at what age?

Answer 8

3-4 years of age

Question 9

What is the name of Piaget’s developmental theory? What does it propose?

Answer 9

Theory of epistemology

Develop cognitive structures in active and adaptive ways

Question 10

What is Dewey’s theory of learning?

Answer 10

Learning is the ret of our experiences and attempts to make sense if experiences

Question 11

What is Gagne’s theory of learning called?

Answer 11

Information processing approach and focuses on instruction and outcomes

Question 12

What factor moderates the effect of authoritative parenting on academic performance and why.

Answer 12

Race

African American adolescents are more influenced by their peers than by parenting style.

Question 13

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is based on?

Answer 13

Changes is social perspective

Question 14

Babies whose mother used cocaine during pregnancy will most likely exhibit

Answer 14

Oversensitivity to stimulation
Excessive irritability
Retarded growth
–babies are easily agitated and difficult to soothe

Question 15

Phoneme

Answer 15

Smallest unit of language

Question 16

Morpheme

Answer 16

Smallest unit of language that carries meaning

Question 17

What are the five stages proposed by Kubler-Ross?

Answer 17

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

Question 18

Symptoms of stranger anxiety usually begin in infants between

Answer 18

8-10 months and it peaks at 18 months of age

Question 19

Common symptoms of CMV are

Answer 19

Mental retardation and visual and hearing impairments

Question 20

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model

Answer 20

Microsystems: immediate environment (parents, siblings, classmates, teachers)
Mesosystem: connections between intermediate settings or aspects of the microsystem (between school & home)
Exosystem: social settings that don’t directly contain the developing individual (i.e. Parental workplace)
Macrosystem: religious values, laws, cultural customs, and economic resources
Chronosystem: dynamic, changing nature of the individual’s environment that occurs as a result of the passage if time.

Question 21

Social referencing

Answer 21

Use emotional response of others as a cue to how to respond oneself. Infants begin to display around 6 months

Question 22

What theory is Dewey associated with?

Answer 22

Constructivist theory of learning - learning is the result of experiences and attempts to make sense of this experiences. Each learner individually and socially constructs meaning for themselves as she or he learns

Question 23

Vygotsky is associated with what theory?

Answer 23

Sociocultural theory - Described learning as first social and then individual

Question 24

Piaget is associated with what theory?

Answer 24

Genetic epistemology theory - cognitive development occurs through adaptive and active ways such as learning

Question 25

Gagne is associated with what theory

Answer 25

Information processing approach that emphasizes there are different types or levels of learning and that each requires different instruction. Learning outcomes and conditions necessary for each type of learning outcome.

5 categories of learning - verbal, intellectual, cognitive strategies, motor skills, attitudes

Question 26

Piaget’s stages

Answer 26

Sensorimotor: birth - 2; learn through sensory; develop object permanence, deferred imitation

Preoperational: 2-7; increase in symbolic thought and language. Egocentrism, centration, magical thinking, irreversibility

Concrete: 7-11; develop reversibility and decentration which enables conservation and transivity (mentally sort objects)

Formal operations: 11-16; ability to abstract which enables hypothetical deductive reasoning, propositional thought, personal fable, imaginary audience

Question 27

Self conscious emotions emerge around what age?

Answer 27

18-24 months

Question 28

Preadolescent sibling relationships are most likely to be characterized as

Answer 28

Closeness and conflict

Question 29

Animism

Answer 29

Belief that objects have thoughts and feelings - preoperational tage

Question 30

Primary circular reactions

Answer 30

Sensorimotor stage - repetitive pleasurable actions

Question 31

Centration

Answer 31

Inability to focus on more than one aspect of a situation or object at a time

Question 32

Transduction

Answer 32

Preoperational stage - reasoning involving the tendency to move from one specific case to another with taking the general context

Question 33

When a mother remarries, the amount if time the noncustodial father spends with his children

Answer 33

Decreases over time

Question 34

What mediates the relationship between parental discipline and the development of a conscience in toddlers?

Answer 34

Fearfulness

Fearful kids need gentle discipline
Fearless kids need secure mother-child relationship

Question 35

The three processes of identity process theory are

Answer 35

Identify assimilation - maintaining self-consistency
Identity accommodation - making changes in self
Identify balance - maintaining sense of self but changing when necessary