RESEARCH Flashcards
The testing of hypothesis/es is normally set in what particular level of significance for the
social sciences?
A. 0.01
B. 0.05
C. 0.10
D. 0.50
B. 0.05
Qualitative research is commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in subjects such as anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences, history, etc.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Quantitative Research focuses on exploring ideas and formulating a theory or a hypothesis.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Which of the following is NOT True about Quantitative Research?
A. It is expressed in numbers and graphs.
B. It is used to test or confirm theories and assumptions.
C. It can be used to establish generalizable facts about a topic.
D. Its common methods include interviews with open-ended questions, observations
described in words, etc.
D. Its common methods include interviews with open-ended questions, observations
described in words, etc.
Which of the following is CORRECT about using quantitative and qualitative research?
A. Use quantitative research if you want to confirm or test something (a theory or
hypothesis).
B. Use qualitative research if you want to understand something (concepts, thoughts,
experiences)
C. Both A and B are correct.
D. Neither A nor B is correct
C. Both A and B are correct.
Which is NOT necessarily considered as a Quantitative data collection method?
A. Surveys using closed or multiple-choice questions.
B. Observing subjects in a natural environment where variables can’t be controlled.
C. Experiments in which variables are controlled and manipulated to establish cause-and
effect relationships.
D. Participating in a community or organization for an extended period of time to closely
observe culture and behavior.
D. Participating in a community or organization for an extended period of time to closely
observe culture and behavior.
Which of the following statement/s is/are TRUE about a population and a sample?
A. A population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.
B. A sample is the specific group that you will collect data from. The size of the sample is
always less than the total size of the population.
C. In research, a population doesn’t always refer to people. It can mean a group containing
elements of anything you want to study, such as objects, events, organizations, countries,
species, organisms, etc.
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The following are the disadvantages of the Qualitative research EXCEPT…
A. Objectivity
B. Unreliability
C. Labor-intensive
D. Limited generalizability
A. Objectivity
Which approach is used to identify and interpret patterns and themes in qualitative data?
A. Content Analysis
B. Textual Analysis
C. Thematic Analysis
D. Discourse Analysis
C. Thematic Analysis
Common approaches include grounded theory, ethnography, action research,
phenomenological research, and narrative research. They share some similarities but
emphasize different aims and perspectives.
A. Quantitative Research
B. Qualitative Research
C. Mixed Methods
D. All of these
B. Qualitative Research
The researchers examine how stories are told to understand how participants perceive and
make sense of their experiences.
A. Ethnography
B. Grounded Theory
C. Narrative Research
D. Phenomenological Research
C. Narrative Research
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Quantitative research requires few respondents, while qualitative research requires
many respondents.
B. Quantitative research uses open-ended questions, while qualitative research uses
closed multiple choice questions.
C. Quantitative research focuses on testing theories and hypotheses, while qualitative
research focuses on exploring ideas and formulating a theory or hypotheses.
D. Quantitative research is analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and interpreting,
while qualitative research is analyzed through math and statistical analysis.
C. Quantitative research focuses on testing theories and hypotheses, while qualitative
research focuses on exploring ideas and formulating a theory or hypotheses.
What is the simplest way of summarizing a set of observations or data.
A. Chart
B. Graph
C. Table
D. Text
C. Table
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about charts and graphs?
A. They are the simplest ways to summarize data.
B. They can convey the general patterns of the data.
C. They are visual representations of numerical data.
D. They present data as absolute numbers or percentages.
A. They are the simplest ways to summarize data.
The following are the basic guides when summarizing data EXCEPT…
A. Ensure that every table or graph has a title or heading.
B. Include a footnote if the graphic is very self-explanatory.
C. Label all the components, include value labels and legends.
D. Provide the sample size or the number of observations as a reference point.
B. Include a footnote if the graphic is very self-explanatory.
Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT?
A. Bar charts are used to compare data across categories.
B. Line graphs are used to display trends over time.
C. Pie charts show percentages or the contribution of each value to a total.
D. All of these
D. All of these
Which graph or chart is particularly useful for showing time trends when there are many data
points?
A. Pie chart
B. Bar graph
C. Line graph
D. Stacked bar chart
C. Line graph
What needs to be considered in interpreting the data?
A. The relevance of the findings.
B. The potential reasons for the findings.
C. The possible next steps to conduct further research.
D. All of these.
D. All of these.
When interpreting data and seeking relevance of the findings, which of the following is
WRONG?
A. Conduct further research whenever data gap exists.
B. Consider other relevant data sources in your analysis.
C. Make a comparison of your results to other results of related studies.
D. Only the middle data should be interpreted. The extreme highs and lows in the data
must be ignored or disregarded
D. Only the middle data should be interpreted. The extreme highs and lows in the data
must be ignored or disregarded
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Tables can display a large amount of data.
B. Graphs and charts make it easier to detect patterns.
C. Interpreting data adds meaning by making connections and comparisons.
D. Service data are not good at tracking progress and they always show causality
D. Service data are not good at tracking progress and they always show causality
In which of these research methods can the researcher control certain variables?
A. Experimental
B. Descriptive
C. Historical
D. Comparative
A. Experimental
Mean, median, and mode are measures of _______.
A. Dispersion
B. Central tendency
C. Variability
D. Probability
B. Central tendency
The size of a sample group is always _______ the size of the population.
A. Less than
B. More than
C. Equal to
D. Not related to
A. Less than
What is the correct order of steps in an Action Research?
1. Closing and recommending action steps
2. Identifying research gaps or areas of focus
3. Analyzing and interpreting data
4. Collecting data
A. 2-4-3-1
B. 2-4-1-3
C. 2-3-1-4
D. 2-3-4-1
A. 2-4-3-1
These are the factors that will affect the outcome of the study and usually varies across
subjects or cases. Examples are gender, academic attainment, family income, age, etc.
A. Hypothesis
B. Research question
C. Variables
D. Conclusion
C. Variables
Which statements are true regarding conducting Action Research in schools?
I. It seeks to understand how the school operates in terms of teaching and
learning
II. It looks into how teachers teach and how students learn
III. They are all longitudinal
IV. It is a teacher’s inquiry on their own practice
V. It always has a hypothesis and a conclusion relating to the hypothesis.
A. II, III, IV
B. II, IV, V
C. I, II, III
D. I, II, IV
D. I, II, IV
TIMSS was a scientific inquiry into how American students performed in specific areas
compared to students from other countries since the 1990’s. TIMSS means Trends in
Mathematics and _____ Study.
A. Social Sciences
B. Science
C. Socio-emotional
D. Schools
B. Science
What is the correct order of steps in deductive reasoning as applied in research?
1. Choosing a theory
2. Making a hypothesis
3. Gathering data
4. Confirming theory
A. 1-2-3-4
B. 4-3-2-1
C. 1-2-4-3
D. 4-3-1-2
A. 1-2-3-4
Some variables can be assigned labels or names. For example, for each subject you can
assign 1-high school graduate, 2-college graduate, and 3-master’s degree graduate. This is
called ______ variable.
A. Ordinal
B. Nominal
C. Quantitative
D. Likert scale
B. Nominal
Some variables have values that can be computed such as getting the difference or mean.
Examples of these are age, height, salary, etc. This is called ______ variable.
A. Quantitative
B. Likert scale
C. Independent
D. Dependent
A. Quantitative
What is the correct order of steps in Inductive Reasoning as applied in research?
1. Conducting observations
2. Detecting or coding patterns
3. Making a tentative hypothesis
4. Identifying an appropriate theory
A. 4-3-2-1
B. 1-2-4-3
C. 4-3-1-2
D. 1-2-3-4
D. 1-2-3-4
Which of the following statements are true regarding experimental research design in grade
2 Reading?
I.
An experimental group will receive a new approach in reading.
II. A control group will be taught the same way as before. No teaching innovation
introduced.
III. A treatment group is another term for control group.
IV. For the research to be successful, the experiment will be done in grades 4 to 5
classes, too.
V. Results in control group and experimental group should be analyzed if they are
statistically related.
A. I, II, III
B. I, II, V
C. I, II, IV, V
D. I, II, III, IV, V
B. I, II, V
This is the process of relating multiple sources of data in order to establish their
trustworthiness or verification of the consistency of the facts while trying to account for their
inherent biases (Bogdan & Biklen, 2007; Glesne, 2006).
A. Research question
B. Variance
C. Statistics
D. Triangulation
D. Triangulation
What is the appropriate qualitative research design for the research question below?
“ What are the characteristics of senior high school graduates at Bayambang National High
School?”
A. Grounded Theory
B. Case Study
C. Phenomenological Study
D. Experimental Research Design
B. Case Study
What does mixed method research design mean?
A. Conducting study in more than one country.
B. Combining qualitative and quantitative types of data.
C. Mixing gender, age, and educational attainment.
D. Using different chemicals in the experiment.
B. Combining qualitative and quantitative types of data.
What is the most appropriate tool or measurement to use if you want to know the correlation
between the age and height of elementary students?
A. Mean
B. Pearson-r
C. Standard deviation
D. Median
B. Pearson-r
Standard Deviation measures the variability or dispersion of a data set. It denotes, on
average, how far each value lies from the _____.
A. Mean
B. Origin
C. X-axis
D. Y-axis
A. Mean
Fifteen-year-old students in the Philippines scored lower in reading, mathematics and
science than those in most of the countries and economies that participated in this test in
2018.
A. TIMSS
B. THE Rankings
C. QS World Rankings
D. PISA
D. PISA
Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode), variability (Standard deviation), and Frequency
distribution (quartiles) are collectively called ______ statistics.
A. Inferential
B. Descriptive
C. Random sampling
D. Averaging
B. Descriptive
This is used to analyze the difference between the means of more than two groups. For
example, if you want to test the effect of three geometry edtech tools in the math
performance of Grade 9 students.
A. Pearson-r
B. ANOVA
C. Standard Deviation
D. Difficulty Index
B. ANOVA
The difference between one-way and two-way ANOVA in in the number of _____.
A. Independent variables
B. Respondents
C. Random samples
D. Dependent variables
A. Independent variables
The thoughtful assessment and adherence to ethical principles, ensuring that participants’
rights, privacy, and well-being are respected throughout the research process is called…
A. Reflective journaling
B. Sustainability
C. Ethical consideration
D. Dissemination
C. Ethical consideration
What is the practice of using multiple sources of data or research methods to ensure the
validity and reliability of the findings?
A. Action Plan
B. Triangulation
C. Data collection
D. Reflective practice
B. Triangulation
Action Research is a systematic process in which educators identify a problem or issue
within their educational context, develop a plan for improvement, take action, collect and
analyze data, and then reflect on the outcomes to …
A. Inform further action.
B. Guide the inquiry process.
C. Start another action research.
D. Maintain educational practices.
A. Inform further action.
What is the first step in action research?
A. Data collection
B. Data analysis
C. Interpretation
D. Problem identification
D. Problem identification
What do you call the initial data collected before implementing any interventions, used to
establish a starting point for measuring progress?
A. Informed consent
B. Reflection cycle
C. Baseline data
D. Meta analysis
C. Baseline data
Causal inference is the process of…
A. Synthesizing the results of multiple studies on a particular topic
B. Determining whether a specific action or intervention caused a particular outcome.
C. Giving teachers and stakeholders ownership of the research process.
D. Implementing new strategies, practices, or policies based on the insights.
B. Determining whether a specific action or intervention caused a particular outcome.
In action research, a colleague or peer who provides constructive feedback and support
during the action research process, helping the researcher to refine their approach is called
a…
A. Peer facilitator
B. Confidant
C. Critical friend
D. Research assistant
C. Critical friend
What do you call the process of developing the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary
for educators and schools to sustain improvements based on action research?
A. Capacity building
B. Inquiry based learning
C. Data driven decision making
D. Inclusive practices
A. Capacity building
Identifying patterns and trends in the data falls under what phase?
A. Data collection
B. Problem identification
C. Data analysis
D. Action planning
C. Data analysis
Action research studies that take place over an extended period, allowing researchers to track
changes and trends in teaching and learning over time is called _____ studies.
A. Horizontal
B. Longitudinal
C. Vertical
D. Lateral
B. Longitudinal
Principal Kelly is concerned with ensuring that the improvements made through action
research are maintained and integrated into ongoing educational practices. She is focused on
______ of action research in school.
A. Sustainability
B. Ethical considerations
C. Collaborative inquiry
D. Reflective practice
A. Sustainability
Narrative Inquiry is a qualitative research approach that emphasizes the exploration of _____
to gain insights into the research question.
A. Historical and primary sources
B. Personal stories and experiences
C. Literature review
D. Focus group discussions
B. Personal stories and experiences
A hypothesis is _______________.
A. An educated guess.
B. Specified testable expectation about an empirical reality.
C. How variable A influences variable B.
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a function of scientific research?
A. To test assumptions
B. To determine cause-and-effect
C. To test hypothesis
D. To rely on controlled methods
D. To rely on controlled methods
What is the first step the teacher should take in carrying out a research?
A. Identify the problem
B. Gather data
C. Advance hypothesis
D. Formulate tentative solution
A. Identify the problem
A variable that is presumed to cause change in another variable.
A. An intervening variable
B. Dependent variable
C. Numerical variable
D. Independent variable
D. Independent variable
In which of these research methods can the researcher control certain variables?
A. Qualitative
B. Experimental
C. Descriptive
D. Historical
B. Experimental
What kind of research is appropriate to determine the effectiveness of instruction in
Mathematics in grades 3, 4, 5 and 6 classes?
A. Sequential
B. Longitudinal
C. Experiential
D. Cross-sectional
D. Cross-sectional
Which of the following is true of a case study?
A. It requires data from other events.
B. It is always reliable and dependable.
C. It applies specifically to a population.
D. It is applicable to the universal population
C. It applies specifically to a population.
In an experiment, the group that does not receive the intervention is called…
A. Experimental group
B. Participant group
C. Control group
D. Treatment group
C. Control group
It is said that through action research, teachers become aware and critical of their practices
and are more prepared for innovations and change. With this in mind, which action research
related process is referred to?
A. Inquiry
B. Pragmatism
C. Reflection
D. Collaboration
C. Reflection
When a student gathers data or information and arrives at a conclusion, what process of
research is followed?
A. Induction
B. Implication
C. Deduction
D. Experiment
A. Induction
What is the first step in doing action research?
A. Read literature on the topic.
B. Search for open online resources
C. Interview stakeholders on an issue.
D. Look for problematic situations that prevail in the classroom.
D. Look for problematic situations that prevail in the classroom.
What kind of problems do action research address?
A. Potential problem on school finance
B. Cognitive problem on pedagogy.
C. Practical and resolvable problems.
D. Speculative problems on teaching.
C. Practical and resolvable problems.
What does evidence-based practice imply?
A. Base your intended research on a list of past researches.
B. Instructional practice must be supported by rigorous research findings.
C. Research is a criterion for teacher promotion.
D. Teachers are engaged in research.
B. Instructional practice must be supported by rigorous research findings.
Which of the following key words is the least related to action research?
A. Identified problem and solution
B. Improvement in the practice
C. Theories and generalization
D. Plan of action
C. Theories and generalization
What kind of sources do critical thinkers rely on for attaining truth or resolving problems?
A. Credible
B. Biased
C. Vested interest
D. Opinioned
A. Credible
What is the appropriate aim of action research in school?
A. Advance the physical sports program.
B. Identify leaders in school clubs.
C. Resolve current issues in the school.
D. Blame students for bullying and other misdemeanor.
C. Resolve current issues in the school.
Which of the following best implements research-based learning?
A. Information data gathering
B. Whole class lecture
C. PowerPoint instruction
D. Intensive seat work
A. Information data gathering
hich of the following is the most natural and effective way to inculcate a culture of
research among students?
A. Add funds for research laboratories.
B. Employ research experts.
C. Increase number of units for research classes.
D. Relate research to lifelong learning.
D. Relate research to lifelong learning.
How is action research conducted in a school?
A. By asking advisers to do research.
B. By collaboration by teachers.
C. By doing it once in a while.
D. By one teacher alone.
B. By collaboration by teachers.
What kind of issues or problems require action research?
A. Possible problems
B. Current problems
C. Past problems
D. Future problems
B. Current problems
When action research is designed to lead an intervention for identified problem, which
characteristic does it possess?
A. Diagnostic
B. Participatory
C. Empirical
D. Experimental
A. Diagnostic
How can you make your action research beneficial to teaching and learning?
A. Results will lead to your promotion.
B. Results will lead to more research.
C. Results will give you prestige as a researcher.
D. Results will lead to improvement of instruction.
D. Results will lead to improvement of instruction.
Why is there a need to do action research?
A. To comply with the requirements
B. To get promoted
C. To improve teaching practice
D. To be recognized in the field.
C. To improve teaching practice
What research strategy is most appropriate to compare effectiveness of practice teaching in
laboratory class inside the university in a public-school setting?
A. Questionnaire
B. Experimentation
C. Naturalistic observation
D. Survey
C. Naturalistic observation
For privileged communication. The researcher keeps ______ of respondents under secrecy or
anonymity.
A. Data
B. Answers
C. Names
D. Evidence
C. Names
When data gathered from survey, interview or other methods are interpreted, this is the
research stage for …
A. Sampling
B. Operationalization
C. Data processing
D. Application
C. Data processing
Communicating the findings of a completed research to school, institution or sponsor of the
study is the _____ stage of research.
A. Analysis
B. Application
C. Opertionalization
D. Publication
B. Application
Statistical analysis can be done in qualitative research but is NOT applicable in…
A. Verbal description
B. Simple averages
C. Complex formulas
D. Methodical models
A. Verbal description
You will study within the population issue of corruption of public officials under the
different regimes. Which study will you engage in?
A. Cross-sectional study
B. Trend study
C. Cohort study
D. Longitudinal study
B. Trend study
Which affects the validity of research results due to external events, e.g. popularity decline of
a senator accused of illegal drug involvement?
A. Testing
B. Maturation
C. History
D. Statistical regression
C. History
In order to protect participants on serious issues like use of drugs, researcher can adopt _____
of respondents.
A. Custody
B. Anonymity
C. Open testimony
D. Subpoena
B. Anonymity
A good research is one that can be repeated to obtain similar, if not, identical results. Which
attribute of research is explained?
A. Replicability
B. Parsimony
C. Precision
D. Falsifiability
A. Replicability
The appropriate participant in a research on needed outreach activities which the school can
engage is the …
A. Teacher
B. Students
C. Community
D. Parents
C. Community
An inquiry on social phenomenon that does not use numbers is _______ research.
A. Descriptive
B. Quantitative
C. Experimental
D. Analytical
A. Descriptive
What is the fundamental basis for data gathered in the sciences of Sociology, Biology, and
Physics?
A. Belief
B. Observation
C. Logic
D. Wisdom
B. Observation
