Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PNLE REVIEW (Refresher) > Research > Flashcards

Research Flashcards

1
Q

What is research?

A

Systematic, disciplined investigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Purpose of Nursing Research

A

Develop evidence related to issues in nursing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Goal of Nursing Research

A

Improve quality of life (QOL) of patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Purpose of Clinical Nursing Research

A

Guide bedside practice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Basic Research

A

To increase knowledge (want to know)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Applied Research

A

Find solution to problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Variables of Research

A

Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Confounding/Extraneous Variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Independent Variable

A

Presumed cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Presumed effect (outcome variable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Another name for dependent variable

A

Outcome Variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Relationships in Research

A

Causal Relationship

Associative Relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causal Relationship

A

100% sure of result

Cause and effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Associative Relationship

A 
Probability chance (not 100%)
Change in X tends to change Y
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which is stronger, causal or associative relationship?

A

Causal (because it is 100% sure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Empirical
Systematic (logical and planned)
Numbers and statistics
Controlled Setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Qualitative Research

A

Understanding human experience
Flexible, evolving
Narrative, subjective
Naturalistic Setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Code of Ethics

A

Protection of research subjects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Priority of Ethics in Research

A

Safety (Researcher and Participant should all be safe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who made Ethical Principles

A

Belmont Report

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ethical Principles

A 
Beneficence
Non-Maleficence
Justice
Autonomy
Veracity
Confidentiality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Beneficence

A

Do good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Non-Maleficence

A

Do no harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Autonomy

A

Voluntary decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Veracity

A

Complete info about study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Confidentiality

A

Data not revealed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Anonymity

A

Identity cannot be linked to data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Important points for informed consent

A 
[VICS]
Voluntary
Informed
Competence (18 yrs old, coherent)
Signature (Participant and 2 witnesses)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the 1st Chapter of a Research Paper

A

Introduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is on Chapter 1 of a Research

A

Research Problem
Statement of the Purpose
Research Question
Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Research Problem

A

“What is wrong?”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Statement of the Purpose

A

“What do you want to happen”

Goals (general) and Objectives (specific)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Research Question

A

(CENTER OF RESEARCH)

question to be answered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the contents of a Research Question

A

Population
Independent Variable
Relationship
Dependent Variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the 2nd Chapter of a Research Paper

A

Review of Related Literature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Characteristics of RRL

A 
(CUP B)
Comprehensive
Up to date (at least 5yrs ago)
Paraphrased
Balanced (no bias)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Types of RRL Sources

A

Primary Source

Secondary Source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Primary Source

A

Reports of original researchers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Secondary Source

A

Reports based on another study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Confounding/Extraneous Variable

A

Contaminating factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the 3rd Chapter of a Research Paper

A

Methodology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is on Chapter 3 of a Research

A

Research Design
Sample
Data Collection Method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Quantitative Research Designs

A

True Experimental (Randomized Controlled Trial/Clinical Trial)
Quasi Experimental
Non-Experimental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the strongest research design

A

True Experimental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

3 Features of Experimental Research Design

A

Control Group: used for comparison and does not research intervention or treatment
Randomization: randomized experiment to experimental and control group (decreases bias)
Manipulation: intervention of experimental group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

True or False: Control Group receives the intervention will the Experimental Group does not

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Quasi-Experimental

A

Absence of Randomization

EG and CG are NON-Equivalent (not fair)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which is better, Experimental or Quasi-Experimental

A

Experimental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Non-Experimental

A

Researchers are by-standers/observers

No manipulation of independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Types of Non-Experimental Design

A

Descriptive
Correlational
Prospective/Cohort
Retrospective/Case Control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Descriptive Non-Experimental Design

A

Observe, describe and document variables (NO RELATIONSHIP)

51
Q

Correlational Non-Experimental Design

A

Relationship between two variables

52
Q

Descriptive Correlational

A

Describes relationships among variables

53
Q

Prospective/Cohort Non-Experimental Design

A 
Follows the FUTURE
Longitudinal 
Data is collected through multiple points 
Explains trends over time
MONITORED
54
Q

Retrospective/Case Control Non-Experimental Design

A 
Looks back in the PAST
CROSS-SECTIONAL
Data is collected only once 
Cannot explain trends over time
RECALL BIAS
55
Q

Qualitative Research Designs

A 
Ethnography
Phenomenology
Grounded Theory
Case Studies
Participatory Action Research (PAR)
56
Q

Ethnography

A

Cultural pattern, life ways and experiences

57
Q

2 Perspectives of Ethnography

A

Etic: outsiders view
Emic: insiders view

58
Q

True or False: Etic is the researcher while Emic is the participant

A

True

59
Q

Phenomenology

A

Lived experience
Discovering meaning
“Day to day experience”

60
Q

Grounded Theory

A

Understanding social processes

Used to develop theories

61
Q

Case Studies

A

In-depth study of a single entity

62
Q

Participatory Action Research (PAR)

A

Collaboration of researcher and participant
Task: Conduct research and empower people
Action Research

63
Q

Sample

A

Selecting a portion of the population

64
Q

What is N

A

Population

65
Q

What is n

A

Sample

66
Q

Goal of Sampling

A

Representativeness

67
Q

Census

A

Whole population

68
Q

How to get sample size of Quantitative Research

A

Slovin’s Formula

69
Q

Slovin’s Formula

A

n = N / 1 + Ne^2

70
Q

e on Slovin’s Formula

A

Margin of error

71
Q

How to get sample size of a Qualitative Research

A

Data Saturation (data repetition)

72
Q

Types of Sampling

A

Non-Probability Sampling

Probability Sampling

73
Q

Non-Probability Sampling

A

NON-RANDOM (Increased bias)
LOW representativeness
Not all have the chance to be chosen

74
Q

Types of Non-Probability Sampling

A

Convenience
Snowball
Quota
Purposive/Judgemental

75
Q

Convenience

A

Most conveniently available people
BIASED
Weakest
MOST COMMON

76
Q

Snowball

A

Networking

Referral

77
Q

Quota

A

Strata (specific characteristic)

NON-Random Selection

78
Q

Purposive/Judgemental

A

Hand-picking samples

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

79
Q

Probability Sampling

A

RANDOM
All have a chance to be chosen
HIGH Representativeness

80
Q

Types of Probability Sampling

A

Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster/Multistage

81
Q

Simple Random Sampling

A 
Sampling frame (list)
e.g. Draw lots/Fishbowl
82
Q

Systematic Random Sampling

A

Use of sampling interval (k)

“get the sample every k”

83
Q

Formula of Sampling Interval (k)

A

k = N/n

84
Q

Stratified Random Sampling

A

Strata and Random

85
Q

Cluster/Multistage

A

Successive random sampling

Geographic location

86
Q

What is the 4th Chapter of a Research Paper

A

Data Analysis and Interpretation

87
Q

2 Types of Quantitative Statistical Analysis

A

Descriptive Statistics

Inferential Statistics

88
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Synthesize and describe data with the use of measures of central tendency

89
Q

Measures of Central Tendency

A

Mean
Median
Mode

90
Q

Mean

A

average

91
Q

Median

A

Middle number

divides distribution in half

92
Q

True or False: When getting the median, arrange the data from lowest to highest number

A

True

93
Q

If there are are more than 1 median, what should you do?

A

add both median then divide by 2

94
Q

True or False: There cannot be more than one mode

A

False

95
Q

Mode

A

most frequent number

96
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Make interpretations about the population
Determines if there is a relationship between variables
Used for hypothesis testing

97
Q

Types of Inferential Statistics

A

Correlation
Chi-Squared (X^2) Test
t-test
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

98
Q

Correlation

A

Use Peason’s r value

99
Q

Pearson’s r Value Interpretation

A

0 = no relationship

  1. 1-0.3 = low
  2. 31-0.5 = moderate
  3. 51-1 = high

(+)Direct/Positive Correlation
e.g. If IV is High then DV is High
(-)Inverse/Negative Correlation
e.g. If IV is High then DV is Low

100
Q

Chi-squared (X^2) Test

A

Differences in frequency and proportion (%)

101
Q

t-Test

A

Differences of means of 2 groups

102
Q

Independent/Student t-test

A

t-test where group 1 and 2 are different groups

103
Q

Dependent/Paired t-test

A

Same group

104
Q

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

A

Differences of means of 3 or more groups

105
Q

Sources of Evidence

A 
Tradition
Authority
Clinical Experience
Trial and Error
Intuition
Logical Reasoning
Disciplined Research
106
Q

Tradition

A

beliefs are truths
based on customs
NOT ALWAYS CORRECT

107
Q

Authority

A

Expert in the field (NOT ALWAYS CORRECT)

108
Q

Clinical Experience

A

based on nurse’s observation

biased

109
Q

Trial and Error

A

risky, may cause injury

110
Q

Intuition

A

hunch, instinct

111
Q

Types of Logical Reasoning

A

Inductive Reasoning: specific to general

Deductive Reasoning: general to specific

112
Q

Disciplined Research

A

rigorous, systematic, evidence based

113
Q

Hypothesis

A

Predicted relationship between variables

Tested through statistical testing

114
Q

Directional Hypothesis

A

Shows direction of the relationship
“more”, “less”

Direct: Increased X, Increased Y
Inverse: Increased X, Decreased Y

115
Q

Nondirectional Hypothesis

A

No direction in the relationship

“related to”, “associated with”

116
Q

Research/Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

A

Actual relationship

Significant difference

117
Q

Null hypothesis (Ho)

A

No relationship

No significant difference

118
Q

Data Collection Methods

A

Observation
Self-Reports
Biophysiologic Measures

119
Q

Observation Data Collection

A

Rating scales, checklist
Observe
Participant Observation: observe people in natural environment

120
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

knowledge of being observed can change the behavior of the participant that can alter the results

121
Q

Self Report Data Collection

A

(MOST COMMON)
Responses to questions

Quantitative: questionnaires
Qualitative:
Semi-Structured Interview: list of topics/questions
Unstructured Interview: no previous knowledge
Focus Group Discussions (FGD): 5-10 people

122
Q

Biophysiologic Measures

A

Assessment of clinical variables

In Vivo or In Vitro

123
Q

In Vivo

A

within humans

PNLE REVIEW (Refresher) (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions