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Research Flashcards

1
Q

What is research?

A

Systematic, disciplined investigation

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2
Q

Purpose of Nursing Research

A

Develop evidence related to issues in nursing

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3
Q

Goal of Nursing Research

A

Improve quality of life (QOL) of patients

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4
Q

Purpose of Clinical Nursing Research

A

Guide bedside practice

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5
Q

Basic Research

A

To increase knowledge (want to know)

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6
Q

Applied Research

A

Find solution to problems

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7
Q

Variables of Research

A

Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Confounding/Extraneous Variable

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8
Q

Independent Variable

A

Presumed cause

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9
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Presumed effect (outcome variable)

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10
Q

Another name for dependent variable

A

Outcome Variable

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11
Q

Relationships in Research

A

Causal Relationship

Associative Relationship

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12
Q

Causal Relationship

A

100% sure of result

Cause and effect

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13
Q

Associative Relationship

A 
Probability chance (not 100%)
Change in X tends to change Y
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14
Q

Which is stronger, causal or associative relationship?

A

Causal (because it is 100% sure)

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15
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Empirical
Systematic (logical and planned)
Numbers and statistics
Controlled Setting

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16
Q

Qualitative Research

A

Understanding human experience
Flexible, evolving
Narrative, subjective
Naturalistic Setting

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17
Q

Code of Ethics

A

Protection of research subjects

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18
Q

Priority of Ethics in Research

A

Safety (Researcher and Participant should all be safe)

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19
Q

Who made Ethical Principles

A

Belmont Report

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20
Q

Ethical Principles

A 
Beneficence
Non-Maleficence
Justice
Autonomy
Veracity
Confidentiality
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21
Q

Beneficence

A

Do good

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22
Q

Non-Maleficence

A

Do no harm

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23
Q

Autonomy

A

Voluntary decision

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24
Q

Veracity

A

Complete info about study

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25
Confidentiality
Data not revealed
26
Anonymity
Identity cannot be linked to data
27
Important points for informed consent
``` [VICS] Voluntary Informed Competence (18 yrs old, coherent) Signature (Participant and 2 witnesses) ```
28
What is the 1st Chapter of a Research Paper
Introduction
29
What is on Chapter 1 of a Research
Research Problem Statement of the Purpose Research Question Hypothesis
30
Research Problem
“What is wrong?”
31
Statement of the Purpose
“What do you want to happen” | Goals (general) and Objectives (specific)
32
Research Question
(CENTER OF RESEARCH) | question to be answered
33
What are the contents of a Research Question
Population Independent Variable Relationship Dependent Variable
34
What is the 2nd Chapter of a Research Paper
Review of Related Literature
35
Characteristics of RRL
``` (CUP B) Comprehensive Up to date (at least 5yrs ago) Paraphrased Balanced (no bias) ```
36
Types of RRL Sources
Primary Source | Secondary Source
37
Primary Source
Reports of original researchers
38
Secondary Source
Reports based on another study
39
Confounding/Extraneous Variable
Contaminating factors
40
What is the 3rd Chapter of a Research Paper
Methodology
41
What is on Chapter 3 of a Research
Research Design Sample Data Collection Method
42
Quantitative Research Designs
True Experimental (Randomized Controlled Trial/Clinical Trial) Quasi Experimental Non-Experimental
43
What is the strongest research design
True Experimental
44
3 Features of Experimental Research Design
Control Group: used for comparison and does not research intervention or treatment Randomization: randomized experiment to experimental and control group (decreases bias) Manipulation: intervention of experimental group
45
True or False: Control Group receives the intervention will the Experimental Group does not
False
46
Quasi-Experimental
Absence of Randomization | EG and CG are NON-Equivalent (not fair)
47
Which is better, Experimental or Quasi-Experimental
Experimental
48
Non-Experimental
Researchers are by-standers/observers | No manipulation of independent variable
49
Types of Non-Experimental Design
Descriptive Correlational Prospective/Cohort Retrospective/Case Control
50
Descriptive Non-Experimental Design
Observe, describe and document variables (NO RELATIONSHIP)
51
Correlational Non-Experimental Design
Relationship between two variables
52
Descriptive Correlational
Describes relationships among variables
53
Prospective/Cohort Non-Experimental Design
``` Follows the FUTURE Longitudinal Data is collected through multiple points Explains trends over time MONITORED ```
54
Retrospective/Case Control Non-Experimental Design
``` Looks back in the PAST CROSS-SECTIONAL Data is collected only once Cannot explain trends over time RECALL BIAS ```
55
Qualitative Research Designs
``` Ethnography Phenomenology Grounded Theory Case Studies Participatory Action Research (PAR) ```
56
Ethnography
Cultural pattern, life ways and experiences
57
2 Perspectives of Ethnography
Etic: outsiders view Emic: insiders view
58
True or False: Etic is the researcher while Emic is the participant
True
59
Phenomenology
Lived experience Discovering meaning “Day to day experience”
60
Grounded Theory
Understanding social processes | Used to develop theories
61
Case Studies
In-depth study of a single entity
62
Participatory Action Research (PAR)
Collaboration of researcher and participant Task: Conduct research and empower people Action Research
63
Sample
Selecting a portion of the population
64
What is N
Population
65
What is n
Sample
66
Goal of Sampling
Representativeness
67
Census
Whole population
68
How to get sample size of Quantitative Research
Slovin's Formula
69
Slovin's Formula
n = N / 1 + Ne^2
70
e on Slovin's Formula
Margin of error
71
How to get sample size of a Qualitative Research
Data Saturation (data repetition)
72
Types of Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling | Probability Sampling
73
Non-Probability Sampling
NON-RANDOM (Increased bias) LOW representativeness Not all have the chance to be chosen
74
Types of Non-Probability Sampling
Convenience Snowball Quota Purposive/Judgemental
75
Convenience
Most conveniently available people BIASED Weakest MOST COMMON
76
Snowball
Networking | Referral
77
Quota
Strata (specific characteristic) | NON-Random Selection
78
Purposive/Judgemental
Hand-picking samples | Inclusion and exclusion criteria
79
Probability Sampling
RANDOM All have a chance to be chosen HIGH Representativeness
80
Types of Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling Systematic Random Sampling Stratified Random Sampling Cluster/Multistage
81
Simple Random Sampling
``` Sampling frame (list) e.g. Draw lots/Fishbowl ```
82
Systematic Random Sampling
Use of sampling interval (k) | "get the sample every k”
83
Formula of Sampling Interval (k)
k = N/n
84
Stratified Random Sampling
Strata and Random
85
Cluster/Multistage
Successive random sampling | Geographic location
86
What is the 4th Chapter of a Research Paper
Data Analysis and Interpretation
87
2 Types of Quantitative Statistical Analysis
Descriptive Statistics | Inferential Statistics
88
Descriptive Statistics
Synthesize and describe data with the use of measures of central tendency
89
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean Median Mode
90
Mean
average
91
Median
Middle number | divides distribution in half
92
True or False: When getting the median, arrange the data from lowest to highest number
True
93
If there are are more than 1 median, what should you do?
add both median then divide by 2
94
True or False: There cannot be more than one mode
False
95
Mode
most frequent number
96
Inferential Statistics
Make interpretations about the population Determines if there is a relationship between variables Used for hypothesis testing
97
Types of Inferential Statistics
Correlation Chi-Squared (X^2) Test t-test Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
98
Correlation
Use Peason's r value
99
Pearson's r Value Interpretation
0 = no relationship 0. 1-0.3 = low 0. 31-0.5 = moderate 0. 51-1 = high (+)Direct/Positive Correlation e.g. If IV is High then DV is High (-)Inverse/Negative Correlation e.g. If IV is High then DV is Low
100
Chi-squared (X^2) Test
Differences in frequency and proportion (%)
101
t-Test
Differences of means of 2 groups
102
Independent/Student t-test
t-test where group 1 and 2 are different groups
103
Dependent/Paired t-test
Same group
104
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Differences of means of 3 or more groups
105
Sources of Evidence
``` Tradition Authority Clinical Experience Trial and Error Intuition Logical Reasoning Disciplined Research ```
106
Tradition
beliefs are truths based on customs NOT ALWAYS CORRECT
107
Authority
Expert in the field (NOT ALWAYS CORRECT)
108
Clinical Experience
based on nurse's observation | biased
109
Trial and Error
risky, may cause injury
110
Intuition
hunch, instinct
111
Types of Logical Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning: specific to general | Deductive Reasoning: general to specific
112
Disciplined Research
rigorous, systematic, evidence based
113
Hypothesis
Predicted relationship between variables | Tested through statistical testing
114
Directional Hypothesis
Shows direction of the relationship "more", "less" Direct: Increased X, Increased Y Inverse: Increased X, Decreased Y
115
Nondirectional Hypothesis
No direction in the relationship | "related to", "associated with"
116
Research/Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
Actual relationship | Significant difference
117
Null hypothesis (Ho)
No relationship | No significant difference
118
Data Collection Methods
Observation Self-Reports Biophysiologic Measures
119
Observation Data Collection
Rating scales, checklist Observe Participant Observation: observe people in natural environment
120
Hawthorne Effect
knowledge of being observed can change the behavior of the participant that can alter the results
121
Self Report Data Collection
(MOST COMMON) Responses to questions Quantitative: questionnaires Qualitative: Semi-Structured Interview: list of topics/questions Unstructured Interview: no previous knowledge Focus Group Discussions (FGD): 5-10 people
122
Biophysiologic Measures
Assessment of clinical variables | In Vivo or In Vitro
123
In Vivo
within humans

PNLE REVIEW (Refresher) (8 decks)

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