Research Flashcards
What is research?
Systematic, disciplined investigation
Purpose of Nursing Research
Develop evidence related to issues in nursing
Goal of Nursing Research
Improve quality of life (QOL) of patients
Purpose of Clinical Nursing Research
Guide bedside practice
Basic Research
To increase knowledge (want to know)
Applied Research
Find solution to problems
Variables of Research
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Confounding/Extraneous Variable
Independent Variable
Presumed cause
Dependent Variable
Presumed effect (outcome variable)
Another name for dependent variable
Outcome Variable
Relationships in Research
Causal Relationship
Associative Relationship
Causal Relationship
100% sure of result
Cause and effect
Associative Relationship
Probability chance (not 100%) Change in X tends to change Y
Which is stronger, causal or associative relationship?
Causal (because it is 100% sure)
Quantitative Research
Empirical
Systematic (logical and planned)
Numbers and statistics
Controlled Setting
Qualitative Research
Understanding human experience
Flexible, evolving
Narrative, subjective
Naturalistic Setting
Code of Ethics
Protection of research subjects
Priority of Ethics in Research
Safety (Researcher and Participant should all be safe)
Who made Ethical Principles
Belmont Report
Ethical Principles
Beneficence Non-Maleficence Justice Autonomy Veracity Confidentiality
Beneficence
Do good
Non-Maleficence
Do no harm
Autonomy
Voluntary decision
Veracity
Complete info about study
Confidentiality
Data not revealed
Anonymity
Identity cannot be linked to data
Important points for informed consent
[VICS] Voluntary Informed Competence (18 yrs old, coherent) Signature (Participant and 2 witnesses)
What is the 1st Chapter of a Research Paper
Introduction
What is on Chapter 1 of a Research
Research Problem
Statement of the Purpose
Research Question
Hypothesis
Research Problem
“What is wrong?”
Statement of the Purpose
“What do you want to happen”
Goals (general) and Objectives (specific)
Research Question
(CENTER OF RESEARCH)
question to be answered
What are the contents of a Research Question
Population
Independent Variable
Relationship
Dependent Variable
What is the 2nd Chapter of a Research Paper
Review of Related Literature
Characteristics of RRL
(CUP B) Comprehensive Up to date (at least 5yrs ago) Paraphrased Balanced (no bias)
Types of RRL Sources
Primary Source
Secondary Source
Primary Source
Reports of original researchers
Secondary Source
Reports based on another study
Confounding/Extraneous Variable
Contaminating factors
What is the 3rd Chapter of a Research Paper
Methodology
What is on Chapter 3 of a Research
Research Design
Sample
Data Collection Method
Quantitative Research Designs
True Experimental (Randomized Controlled Trial/Clinical Trial)
Quasi Experimental
Non-Experimental
What is the strongest research design
True Experimental
3 Features of Experimental Research Design
Control Group: used for comparison and does not research intervention or treatment
Randomization: randomized experiment to experimental and control group (decreases bias)
Manipulation: intervention of experimental group
True or False: Control Group receives the intervention will the Experimental Group does not
False
Quasi-Experimental
Absence of Randomization
EG and CG are NON-Equivalent (not fair)
Which is better, Experimental or Quasi-Experimental
Experimental
Non-Experimental
Researchers are by-standers/observers
No manipulation of independent variable
Types of Non-Experimental Design
Descriptive
Correlational
Prospective/Cohort
Retrospective/Case Control
Descriptive Non-Experimental Design
Observe, describe and document variables (NO RELATIONSHIP)
Correlational Non-Experimental Design
Relationship between two variables
Descriptive Correlational
Describes relationships among variables
Prospective/Cohort Non-Experimental Design
Follows the FUTURE Longitudinal Data is collected through multiple points Explains trends over time MONITORED
Retrospective/Case Control Non-Experimental Design
Looks back in the PAST CROSS-SECTIONAL Data is collected only once Cannot explain trends over time RECALL BIAS
Qualitative Research Designs
Ethnography Phenomenology Grounded Theory Case Studies Participatory Action Research (PAR)
Ethnography
Cultural pattern, life ways and experiences
2 Perspectives of Ethnography
Etic: outsiders view
Emic: insiders view
True or False: Etic is the researcher while Emic is the participant
True
Phenomenology
Lived experience
Discovering meaning
“Day to day experience”
Grounded Theory
Understanding social processes
Used to develop theories
Case Studies
In-depth study of a single entity
Participatory Action Research (PAR)
Collaboration of researcher and participant
Task: Conduct research and empower people
Action Research
Sample
Selecting a portion of the population
What is N
Population
What is n
Sample
Goal of Sampling
Representativeness
Census
Whole population
How to get sample size of Quantitative Research
Slovin’s Formula
Slovin’s Formula
n = N / 1 + Ne^2
e on Slovin’s Formula
Margin of error
How to get sample size of a Qualitative Research
Data Saturation (data repetition)
Types of Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
Probability Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
NON-RANDOM (Increased bias)
LOW representativeness
Not all have the chance to be chosen
Types of Non-Probability Sampling
Convenience
Snowball
Quota
Purposive/Judgemental
Convenience
Most conveniently available people
BIASED
Weakest
MOST COMMON
Snowball
Networking
Referral
Quota
Strata (specific characteristic)
NON-Random Selection
Purposive/Judgemental
Hand-picking samples
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Probability Sampling
RANDOM
All have a chance to be chosen
HIGH Representativeness
Types of Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster/Multistage
Simple Random Sampling
Sampling frame (list) e.g. Draw lots/Fishbowl
Systematic Random Sampling
Use of sampling interval (k)
“get the sample every k”
Formula of Sampling Interval (k)
k = N/n
Stratified Random Sampling
Strata and Random
Cluster/Multistage
Successive random sampling
Geographic location
What is the 4th Chapter of a Research Paper
Data Analysis and Interpretation
2 Types of Quantitative Statistical Analysis
Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
Synthesize and describe data with the use of measures of central tendency
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean
Median
Mode
Mean
average
Median
Middle number
divides distribution in half
True or False: When getting the median, arrange the data from lowest to highest number
True
If there are are more than 1 median, what should you do?
add both median then divide by 2
True or False: There cannot be more than one mode
False
Mode
most frequent number
Inferential Statistics
Make interpretations about the population
Determines if there is a relationship between variables
Used for hypothesis testing
Types of Inferential Statistics
Correlation
Chi-Squared (X^2) Test
t-test
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Correlation
Use Peason’s r value
Pearson’s r Value Interpretation
0 = no relationship
- 1-0.3 = low
- 31-0.5 = moderate
- 51-1 = high
(+)Direct/Positive Correlation
e.g. If IV is High then DV is High
(-)Inverse/Negative Correlation
e.g. If IV is High then DV is Low
Chi-squared (X^2) Test
Differences in frequency and proportion (%)
t-Test
Differences of means of 2 groups
Independent/Student t-test
t-test where group 1 and 2 are different groups
Dependent/Paired t-test
Same group
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Differences of means of 3 or more groups
Sources of Evidence
Tradition Authority Clinical Experience Trial and Error Intuition Logical Reasoning Disciplined Research
Tradition
beliefs are truths
based on customs
NOT ALWAYS CORRECT
Authority
Expert in the field (NOT ALWAYS CORRECT)
Clinical Experience
based on nurse’s observation
biased
Trial and Error
risky, may cause injury
Intuition
hunch, instinct
Types of Logical Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning: specific to general
Deductive Reasoning: general to specific
Disciplined Research
rigorous, systematic, evidence based
Hypothesis
Predicted relationship between variables
Tested through statistical testing
Directional Hypothesis
Shows direction of the relationship
“more”, “less”
Direct: Increased X, Increased Y
Inverse: Increased X, Decreased Y
Nondirectional Hypothesis
No direction in the relationship
“related to”, “associated with”
Research/Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
Actual relationship
Significant difference
Null hypothesis (Ho)
No relationship
No significant difference
Data Collection Methods
Observation
Self-Reports
Biophysiologic Measures
Observation Data Collection
Rating scales, checklist
Observe
Participant Observation: observe people in natural environment
Hawthorne Effect
knowledge of being observed can change the behavior of the participant that can alter the results
Self Report Data Collection
(MOST COMMON)
Responses to questions
Quantitative: questionnaires
Qualitative:
Semi-Structured Interview: list of topics/questions
Unstructured Interview: no previous knowledge
Focus Group Discussions (FGD): 5-10 people
Biophysiologic Measures
Assessment of clinical variables
In Vivo or In Vitro
In Vivo
within humans
