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PNLE REVIEW (Refresher) > OB > Flashcards

OB Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the site of implantation in the female reproductive system

A

endometrium

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2
Q

Where is the site of fertilization in the female reproductive system

A

ampulla

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3
Q

What hormones does the ovaries make

A

Progesterone

Estrogen

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4
Q

Hormone of pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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5
Q

Onset of manarche

A

9-17 yrs old (aver of 11-13 yrs old)

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6
Q

Interval of menses

A

23-35 days (aver of 28 days)

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7
Q

Duration of bleeding in menses

A

2-9 days

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8
Q

Normal amount of blood in menses

A

30-80ml (1/3 cup)

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9
Q

Odor of menses

A

marigold

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10
Q

Phases of Menstrual Cycle

A

1st Phase: Follicular, Proliperative Stage
2nd Phase: Luteal, Progestational Stage
3rd Phase: Ischemic Stage
4th Phase: Menstrual Bleeding

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11
Q

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland during the physiology of menses

A 
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
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12
Q

What does FSH do in the physiology of menses

A

Increase estrogen -> thicken endometrium

Increase Follicular Fluid -> rupture Graafian Follicle -> OVULATION (stop release of FSH)

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13
Q

What does LH do in the physiology of menses

A

Formation of corpus luteum -> progesterone -> maintain the thickness of the endometrium (for implantation of fertilized egg)

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14
Q

What would happen if there is no fertilization of the egg

A

ovum will atrophy and corpus luteum will remain in 10 days

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15
Q

What would happen if there is fertilization of the egg

A

Pregnancy where the corpus luteum will remain for 16 wks where later on the placenta will take over the production of estrogen and progesterone

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16
Q

When is the fertile period

A

3-4 days before and after period

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17
Q

When is the ovulation stage

A

Interval of Menses - 14

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18
Q

S/Sx of of Ovulation

A

Increased body temperature (increase of 0.07-0.08 degrees C for 3 full days)
Mittelschmerz
(+) Spinbarkeit
(+) Ferning
Clear, Elastic, Thin, Slippery, and Egg White Colored Cervical Mucus

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19
Q

Mittelsch\merz Sign

A

Unilateral lower abdominal discomfort (one sided)

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20
Q

Spinbarkeit Sign

A

elasticity of cervical mucus

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21
Q

Ferning Sign

A

Palm leaf pattern under the microscope

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22
Q

Stages of Fetal Development

A

Ovum: fertilization (24hrs after sex)
Zygote: Implementation (after 1 wk)
Embryo: Organogenesis (5th-8th week of pregnancy)
Fetus: 8th week to TERM

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23
Q

Lecithin Sphingomyelin Ratio

A

Lung surfactant that matures at 36th week of gestation

2:1 for fetal lung maturity

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24
Q

Placenta

A

serves as the fetal lungs, kidneys and GIT

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25
Q

True or False: There is direct sharing of blood flow between mother and fetus

A

False

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26
Q

Hormones released by placenta

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG)

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27
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG)

A

responsible for nausea and vomitting

28
Q

When is the peak production of HCG

A

60-80th day (3rd month/end of the 1st trimester)

29
Q

How many arteries and veins are in the umbilical cord?

A

2 arteries

1 vein

30
Q

What is larger in the umbilical cord, the vein or the artery?

A

Vein (because it provides oxygenated blood)

31
Q

How long are the arteries and veins in the umbilical cord?

A

21 inches

32
Q

What are the purposes of the amniotic fluid?

A
  • protects the fetus from temperature and pressure changes
  • aids in muscular development
  • ensures adequate oxygenation for the fetus
33
Q

What is the major component of amniotic fluid?

A

fetal urine

34
Q

When does the fetus start producing fetal urine?

A

12-13 wks (developed kidneys)

35
Q

When is the earliest time to perform amniocentesis?

A

12-14 wks

36
Q

Normal amount of amniotic fluid

A

800-1200 ml

37
Q

Amount of amniotic fluid in oligohydramnios

A

less than 800ml

38
Q

What can be a cause of oligohydramnios

A

there is fetal renal problem/ renal agenesis

39
Q

Amount of amniotic fluid in polyhydramnios

A

greater than 1200ml

40
Q

What can be a cause of polyhydramnios

A

COMPLICATION OF GDM

or caused by GI problem/esophageal atresia

41
Q

Gravity and Parity

A

Gravity: number of pregnancies regardless of the outcome of duration

Parity: Number of deliveries that reach 20 wks gestation (age of viability) even if it is delivered dead or alive

42
Q

3 Principles of Identifying Parity

A
  • Multiple Pregnancy: twins are counted as one
  • Abortion: not included
  • Stillbirth: counted
43
Q

GTPALM definition

A 
Gravity 
Term
Pre Term
Abortion
Living 
Multiple Pregnancy
44
Q

When should you consider that the pregnancy is term?

A

37 weeks and above

45
Q

When should you consider that the pregnancy is preterm?

A

36 weeks and below

46
Q

When should you consider that the pregnancy is abortion?

A

less than 20 wks

47
Q

True or False: You should consider twins as 1 in GTPALM

A

True

48
Q

True or False: Term and Preterm counts the number of infants born

A

True

49
Q

What is the method to determine the expected due date of a pregnancy

A

Naegele’s Rule

50
Q

The formula for Naegele’s Rule for the last menstrual period from January to March

A

Month (+9); Day (+7); Year (blank)

51
Q

The formula for Naegele’s Rule for the last menstrual period from April to December

A

Month (-3); Day (+7); Year (blank)

52
Q

What is the expected due date of a pregnant woman with a last menstrual period of Nov 20, 2021?

A

August 27, 2022

53
Q

What is the expected due date of a pregnant woman with a last menstrual period of February 14, 2021?

A

November 21, 2021

54
Q

What method uses the fundic height to determine the age of gestation of the pregnancy?

A

Bartholomew’s Method

55
Q

What is the gestation age if the fundus is in the xiphoid process?

A

36 wks

56
Q

What is the gestation age if the fundus is in the umbilicus?

A

20 wks

57
Q

What is the gestation age if the fundus is in the symphisis pubis?

A

12 wks

58
Q

If the mother is in her 15 wks gestation but the fundus can be seen on the umbilicus, what can be the condition of the mother?

A

H. mole

59
Q

If the mother is in her 35 wks gestation but the fundus can be seen above the umbilicus, what can be the condition of the mother?

A

SUA

60
Q

What are the 3 main signs and symptoms of pregnancy?

A

Presumptive
Probable
Positive

61
Q

What are the presumptive signs of pregnancy?

A 
Highly Subjective signs! (PRESUME)
Period absent
Really tired
Enlarged breasts
Sore breasts 
Urination frequency
Movement perceived (quickening)
Emesis and nausea

*linea negra, striae gravidarum, melasma

62
Q

When does quickening usually occur?

A 
Primipara = 20wks
Multipara = 16wks
63
Q

What are the probable signs of pregnancy?

A

Highly Documented Signs! (PROBABLE)

Positive pregnancy test
Returning of fetus when uterus pushed w/ fingers (BALLOTTEMENT)
Outline of the fetus palpated
Braxton Hick’s contractions
A softening of the cervix (Goodell’s sign)
Bluish color of vulva, vagina and cervix (Chadwick’s Sign)
Lower uterine segment is soft (Hegar’s Sign)
Enlarged uterus

64
Q

What are the positive signs of pregnancy?

A

Can be CONFIRMED (FETUS)

Fetal movement felt by the doctor/nurse
Electronic device detects FHR
The delivery of the baby
Ultrasound detects the baby
See visible movement
65
Q

What are the common discomforts during pregnancy caused by increased HCG?

A 
Nausea and Vomiting
Heartburn (Pyrosis)
Constipation
Backache
Lordosis
Wadding gait
66
Q

What are the common discomforts of pregnancy if there is increase in estrogen?

A

Breast tenderness
Leg varicosities and pedal edema
Hemorrhoids
Leukorrhea

67
Q

What are other discomforts during pregnancy?

A

Leg cramps
Urinary frequency
Supine Hypotensive Syndrome
Round Ligament Pain

PNLE REVIEW (Refresher) (8 decks)

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