Reproductive systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do the following occur?

1) ovulation and oogenesis (egg creation)
2) fertilization
3) implantation
4) parturition

A

1) ovaries
2) oviduct (Fallopian tube)
3) endometrium (in uterus)
4) vagina (birth canal)

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2
Q
  • which part of sperm contains hydrolytic enzymes?

- what is the purpose of these enzymes?

A
  • acrosome

- sperm penetrates the egg by the means of these enzymes

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3
Q

mature sperm contain mitochondria in the…

A

mid piece

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4
Q

Pathway of sperm out of the body

A

seminiferous tubules —> vas deferns —> prostate —> urethra

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5
Q

pathway of a sperm on its way to fertilize an egg

1) urethra
2) epididymis
3) vagina
4) oviduct
5) ductus vas deferens

A

25134

epididymis - ductus vas deferens - urethra - vagina - oviduct

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6
Q
  • name the male gland that produces semen

- removal of this gland would effect…

A
  • prostate

- motility of sperm

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7
Q
  • list 3 functions of seminal fluid

- semen definition

A

1) provides a suitable pH
2) supplies and energy source
3) causes the uterus to contract

  • protective fluid supplies energy for sperm cells
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8
Q

what’s the function of epididymis

A
  • store sperm cells and eliminate those that have major genetic defects
  • also where sperm cells mature
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9
Q

a function of the interstitial cells of the testes is the …

A

production of testosterone

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10
Q

where does storage and maturation of sperm cells occur?

A

epididymis

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11
Q

the duct that’s used by both the reproductive and excretory systems in males is the…

A

urethra

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12
Q

2 examples of positive feedback loops caused by oxytocin

A

1) parturition- oxytocin causes baby’s head to push on the cervix, which sends nervous signals to brain to release more oxytocin
* needs estrogen: opens up oxytocin receptors on uterus.
2) lactation- increase of suckling/ crying = increase of oxytocin= increase of milk = more suckling

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13
Q

which hormone makes milk, and which releases it

A
  • prolactin = make milk

- oxytocin= release milk

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14
Q

what is the effect of the hormone relaxin (which is a prostaglandin)

A

causes pelvis to open up

parturition

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15
Q

3 stages of parturition

A

1) dilation stage (cervix dilates)
2) expulsion stage (baby comes out)
3) placental stage (placenta needs to come out)

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16
Q

what breaks when your “water breaks” and in which stage of parturition does this occur?

A
  • amnionic sac

- at the end of dilation stage

17
Q

function of fimbria

A

creates waves to push egg from ovary to fallopian tube

18
Q

oviduct (fallopian tube) function

A

passageway for ovum to move from ovary to uterus (site of ovulation)

19
Q

2 functions of the uterus

A

1) myometrium pushes baby out of birth canal

2) endometrium lining feeds fetus, or is shed if there is no fertilized egg (menstruation)

20
Q

cervix function

A

made up of muscles: allow flow of menstrual blood from uterus to vagina

21
Q

menstruation is caused by (high/low) levels of progesterone and estrogen at the end of the monthly cycle

A

low

“hormonal withdraw”

22
Q

when the level of estrogen (increases/ decreases) in the blood, FSH production from the pituitary gland increases and the cycle begins again

A

decreases

23
Q

4-6 days after fertilization, the zygote divides (mitosis) repeatedly (cleavage) to form a _____ (__ cells)

A

morula (16 cells)

24
Q
  • morula divides, forming a ______
A

blastocyst

25
Q

implantation: _____ attaches to wall of uterus (_____)

A

blastocyst

endometrium

26
Q

3 major layers of blastocyst

A

1) chorion: outer layer- produces HCG
- forms from trophoblast
- forms placenta
2) amnion: inner layer that develops into a fluid filled sac (insulates embryo- protect from infection, dehydration, impact, temp change)
3) allantois: later develops into umbilical cord

27
Q

yolk sac

A

initial food for embryo before umbilical cord sets up (vestigal)
]

28
Q

placenta is formed by the fused cells of the ____ and the ______
-placenta produces hormones ___ and ___ in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters

A

fetus and endometrium

  • progesterone and estrogen
29
Q

embryonic disk inside embryo ( gastrula) forms morphogenesis. What are the 3 germ layers? Give examples of what they include

A

1) ectoderm (outer): skin, nervous system, pituitary gland, eyes
2) mesoderm (middle): muscles, bones, inner skin, blood &lymph vessels, heart, kidney, spleen….
3) endoderm (inner): digestive tract, bladder, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, thymus, thyroid gland, lungs…

30
Q

process of neurulation

-which acid is essential for neural tube development

A
  • from ectoderm: tissues fold over–> form neural tube –> brain and spinal cord. organ formation occurs
  • folic acid
31
Q

gastrulation process

A

from endoderm: formation of gastric (digestive) tubing and the rest of the body

32
Q

sperm are filled with _____ : limited energy reserve

- semen nourishes sperm and keeps them alive longer

A

mitochondria

33
Q

explain what happens @ ejaculatory duct

A

sperm mixes with ejactulatory fluid (from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, & cowper’s glands)

34
Q

sperm route

A

epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra

35
Q

semen acronym

A
SPCA
S eminal vesicles- produce sugar
P rostate gland- increase pH (buffer)
C owper's gland: mucus
urethr A
36
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

when fertilized embryos embed in a layer of underdeveloped oviduct
-can lead to death of mother and fetus

37
Q

granulosa cells

A

type of follicular cell ( in ovary) which produces inhibin (inhibits FSH production- egg production)

38
Q

acronyms for male and female hormone (-) feedback

A

male: FiLT
female: FeLP