Reproductive systems Flashcards
Where do the following occur?
1) ovulation and oogenesis (egg creation)
2) fertilization
3) implantation
4) parturition
1) ovaries
2) oviduct (Fallopian tube)
3) endometrium (in uterus)
4) vagina (birth canal)
- which part of sperm contains hydrolytic enzymes?
- what is the purpose of these enzymes?
- acrosome
- sperm penetrates the egg by the means of these enzymes
mature sperm contain mitochondria in the…
mid piece
Pathway of sperm out of the body
seminiferous tubules —> vas deferns —> prostate —> urethra
pathway of a sperm on its way to fertilize an egg
1) urethra
2) epididymis
3) vagina
4) oviduct
5) ductus vas deferens
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epididymis - ductus vas deferens - urethra - vagina - oviduct
- name the male gland that produces semen
- removal of this gland would effect…
- prostate
- motility of sperm
- list 3 functions of seminal fluid
- semen definition
1) provides a suitable pH
2) supplies and energy source
3) causes the uterus to contract
- protective fluid supplies energy for sperm cells
what’s the function of epididymis
- store sperm cells and eliminate those that have major genetic defects
- also where sperm cells mature
a function of the interstitial cells of the testes is the …
production of testosterone
where does storage and maturation of sperm cells occur?
epididymis
the duct that’s used by both the reproductive and excretory systems in males is the…
urethra
2 examples of positive feedback loops caused by oxytocin
1) parturition- oxytocin causes baby’s head to push on the cervix, which sends nervous signals to brain to release more oxytocin
* needs estrogen: opens up oxytocin receptors on uterus.
2) lactation- increase of suckling/ crying = increase of oxytocin= increase of milk = more suckling
which hormone makes milk, and which releases it
- prolactin = make milk
- oxytocin= release milk
what is the effect of the hormone relaxin (which is a prostaglandin)
causes pelvis to open up
parturition
3 stages of parturition
1) dilation stage (cervix dilates)
2) expulsion stage (baby comes out)
3) placental stage (placenta needs to come out)
what breaks when your “water breaks” and in which stage of parturition does this occur?
- amnionic sac
- at the end of dilation stage
function of fimbria
creates waves to push egg from ovary to fallopian tube
oviduct (fallopian tube) function
passageway for ovum to move from ovary to uterus (site of ovulation)
2 functions of the uterus
1) myometrium pushes baby out of birth canal
2) endometrium lining feeds fetus, or is shed if there is no fertilized egg (menstruation)
cervix function
made up of muscles: allow flow of menstrual blood from uterus to vagina
menstruation is caused by (high/low) levels of progesterone and estrogen at the end of the monthly cycle
low
“hormonal withdraw”
when the level of estrogen (increases/ decreases) in the blood, FSH production from the pituitary gland increases and the cycle begins again
decreases
4-6 days after fertilization, the zygote divides (mitosis) repeatedly (cleavage) to form a _____ (__ cells)
morula (16 cells)
- morula divides, forming a ______
blastocyst
implantation: _____ attaches to wall of uterus (_____)
blastocyst
endometrium
3 major layers of blastocyst
1) chorion: outer layer- produces HCG
- forms from trophoblast
- forms placenta
2) amnion: inner layer that develops into a fluid filled sac (insulates embryo- protect from infection, dehydration, impact, temp change)
3) allantois: later develops into umbilical cord
yolk sac
initial food for embryo before umbilical cord sets up (vestigal)
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placenta is formed by the fused cells of the ____ and the ______
-placenta produces hormones ___ and ___ in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters
fetus and endometrium
- progesterone and estrogen
embryonic disk inside embryo ( gastrula) forms morphogenesis. What are the 3 germ layers? Give examples of what they include
1) ectoderm (outer): skin, nervous system, pituitary gland, eyes
2) mesoderm (middle): muscles, bones, inner skin, blood &lymph vessels, heart, kidney, spleen….
3) endoderm (inner): digestive tract, bladder, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, thymus, thyroid gland, lungs…
process of neurulation
-which acid is essential for neural tube development
- from ectoderm: tissues fold over–> form neural tube –> brain and spinal cord. organ formation occurs
- folic acid
gastrulation process
from endoderm: formation of gastric (digestive) tubing and the rest of the body
sperm are filled with _____ : limited energy reserve
- semen nourishes sperm and keeps them alive longer
mitochondria
explain what happens @ ejaculatory duct
sperm mixes with ejactulatory fluid (from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, & cowper’s glands)
sperm route
epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra
semen acronym
SPCA S eminal vesicles- produce sugar P rostate gland- increase pH (buffer) C owper's gland: mucus urethr A
ectopic pregnancy
when fertilized embryos embed in a layer of underdeveloped oviduct
-can lead to death of mother and fetus
granulosa cells
type of follicular cell ( in ovary) which produces inhibin (inhibits FSH production- egg production)
acronyms for male and female hormone (-) feedback
male: FiLT
female: FeLP
