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Biology 30 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cells don’t replicate themselves, ____ replicates itself

A

DNA

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2
Q

Transforming principle: (by _____ and ___) rough and smooth strains in mice

A

Oswald Avery and Fredrick Griffith

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3
Q

chemists to solve mouse case: _____ and ____

____enters cells, not protein, so proved that DNA codes for _____, not proteins

A

Hershey and Chase
DNA
genes

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4
Q

what makes up a single nucleotide?

A

1 deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, base (ACTG)

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5
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases?

A

A-adenine
T- thymine
C- cytosine
G- guanine

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6
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule of base pairing (example)

A

A=T and C=G

so if 17% T then also 17% A

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7
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin do?

A

took pics of DNA with x-rays

figured out double helix shape, and that bases are on the inside with phosphate and sugar on the outside

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8
Q

RNA is different from DNA in what ways?

A
  • leaves the nucleus
  • sugar backbone is ribose (not deoxyribose so it has all its O2)
  • single stranded, not double helix
  • can be tRNA, mRNA, or rRNA
  • 3 bases code for an amino acid (codon- triplet coding)
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9
Q

If you have 2 codons, how many amino acids do you have? How many bases?

A

2 codons = 2 amino acids = 6 nitrogenous bases

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10
Q

What did Watson and Crick do?

A

produced a structural model of DNA with double helix and complimentary base pairs (took everyone else’s ideas)

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11
Q

____ makes up all of the DNA in the cell (all genes in body)

A

genome

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12
Q

Steps of DNA replication

A
  1. Initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
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13
Q

What are helicases and what do they do?

A

enzymes that cut/ unwind the DNA (in the first step of DNA replication- initiation), forming a replication bubble… if bubble keeps expanding = replication fork

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14
Q

What holds the unzipped DNA apart and serves as a template for new bases? (in initiation)

A

SSB- single strand binding proteins

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15
Q

____ makes up primer, which serves as a starting point, constructed by ____ _______

A

RNA, primase enzyme

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16
Q

what splices the okazaki fragments ?

A

DNA ligase

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17
Q

Transcription

A

splitting DNA and making a copy of RNA

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18
Q

Translation

A

proteins are made by bringing amino acids as described by the mRNA

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19
Q

in which of the 2 major steps in making proteins does the RNA messenger leave the nucleus?

A

translation

20
Q

cancer causing gene

A

oncogenes

21
Q

What is a teratogen + example

A

something that causes a mutation (changes dna)

ex. x-rays, smoking, etc

22
Q

2 types of mutagens (causes of mutations) with examples

A
  1. physical (x-rays, gamma rays, UV radiation, etc)

2. chemical or carcinogens ( smoke, gas fumes, nitrites)

23
Q

2 types of mutations with definitions

A
  1. point mutation: substitution of one nucleotide for another
  2. frameshift mutation: nucelotide insertions or deletions (sliding)
24
Q

silent mutation

A

no apparent affect on polypeptide produced

25
Q

mis-sense mutation

A

produces an altered or different protein (eg sickle cell)

26
Q

non-sense mutation

A

does not produce a functional polypeptide (always make a stop- incomplete protein)

27
Q

somatic mutations are in ____ cells, and germ-line mutations are in ____ cells

A

body cells

sex cells

28
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.

29
Q

gene splicing/ engineering

A

genetic info from 1 organism is spliced into the chromosome of the other
- 2 organisms that would never exchange genetic info are joined

30
Q

eg of recombinant DNA: insulin production. explain the 4 steps

A
  1. cut out donor gene for insulin with restriction enzyme(specific cuts leaving sticky ends)
  2. cut bacterial plasmid with same enzymes
  3. use ligase enzyme to fuse donor gene into the plasmid (join sticky ends)
  4. the transgenic bacteria produce insulin and we harvest it
31
Q

DNA is/ is not a protein

A

is not! it is a source for RNA production which then can produce protein

32
Q

what is the role of polymerase in DNA replication?

A

adds nucelotides to growing strands

33
Q

nucelic acids are/ are not a major grouping of proteins in cells

A

are not

34
Q

Purine bases are ____ (2ring/ 1 ring) and includes bases __ and ___

A 
2 ring (big)
A and G
35
Q

pyrimidine bases are ___( 1 or 2 ring) and includes bases __, ___, and ___

A 
1 ring (small)
C, T, and U
36
Q

C and G have how many H-bonds between them?

A

3 H bond

37
Q

A and T have how many H bonds between them?

A

2 h bond

38
Q

catabolic = cutting or adding?

A

cutting

anabolic= adding

39
Q

what is the last step in transcribing DNA to mRNA?

A

the mRNA carries the message to the ribosome

40
Q

mRNA has ____ and tRNA has ________

codons/ anti-codons

A

codons, anti-codons

41
Q

mRNA is synthesized in ___

A

transcription

42
Q

tRNA brings amino acids to the ___

A

ribosome

43
Q

a polypeptide is a sequence of _____

A

amino acids

44
Q

tRNA transfers amino acids in _____

A

translation

45
Q

ribsomes are the site where ___ takes place

A

translation

46
Q

explain the steps of genetic engineering (restriction and ligase enzymes)

A

restriction enzymes are added to a gene of intrest to cut them, exposing sticky ends. Different DNA is introduced, and cut with the same restriction enzymes (same stick ends). DNA ligase attaches them (with the corresponding sticky ends) and then you have recombinant DNA!

47
Q

DNA has a slightly ___ charge

A

negative

Biology 30 (7 decks)

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