Population Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

p + q =

A

1

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2
Q

5 things to maintain hardy weinberg equilibrium

A
  1. large population: losing an individual’s genes (genetic drift) has less of an effect on large populations that small ones
  2. random mating: mating by individuals is not determined by pheno/genotypes
  3. no mutations: changing alleles present in the pool
  4. no migration: movnt of alleles in/out (gene flow)
  5. no natural selection: no env’t factor favoring one genotype over another
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3
Q

p=

A

frequency of dominant allele in population

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4
Q

q=

A

frequency of recessive allele in population

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5
Q

p^2

A

% of homozygous dominant individuals (trait)

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6
Q

q^2=

A

% of homozygous recessive individuals (trait)

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7
Q

2pq=

A

% of heterozygous individuals (trait)

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8
Q

mutation (agent of gene pool change)

A

random changes in genetic sequences. A source of genetic variation for natural selection

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9
Q

gene flow (agent of gene pool change)

A

movement of individuals (alleles) from one population to another (immigration/ emigration)

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10
Q

non-random mating (agent of gene pool change)

A

preferred phenotypes, increases those genotypes in pool

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11
Q

Genetic drift (agent of gene pool change) 2 types

A

change in allele frequency in a breeding pop. due to random events. Small pop. may loose certain alleles (lack of mates, predation, etc): will have a greater impact on smaller groups

  1. Founder Effect: a pop (gene pool) that’s formed by a small group of individuals (founders) that carry a representation (limited gene pool) of the original pop’s genes
  2. Bottleneck Effect: quick reduction in pop (starvation, disease) causes a “bottleneck”, surviving pop produces less variant offspring
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12
Q

natural selection (agent of gene pool change)

A

some individuals are better able to survive & reproduce than others. The offspring carry the successful genes

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13
Q

speciation and 2 types of isolation

A

formation of a new species (lack of production of viable offspring)

  1. Geographic isolation
  2. Reproductive isolation
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14
Q

geographic isolation

A

separation of individuals of the same species by physical barriers (ie sea, mountains)

  • gene flow between 2 groups stops
  • eventually individuals of one pop. can no longer interbreed with the other
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15
Q

reproductive isolation

A

organisms in a pop can no longer mate to produce offspring, even though they live in similar envt
ex mutations not shared, mating seasons differ, reproductive organs

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16
Q

relationship where both organisms (of different species) benefit

A

mutualism

eg. bees and flowers

17
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits, the other is unaffected

eg. shark and remora

18
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits and the other (host) is harmed

eg. tapeworm and buffalo

19
Q

intraspecific competition

A

between members of the same species

20
Q

interspecific competition

A

between members of different species

21
Q

6 defense mechanisms (against competition and predation)

A
  1. camouflage
  2. mimicry
  3. biochemical (bitter/ toxic)
  4. armor (thorns)
  5. warning coloration
  6. behavioral
22
Q

succession

A

process of replacement of organisms by a more successful group following a disturbance
pioneer species re/colonize (moss) –> intermediate/ seral species more successful and replaces pioneers –> community stabilizes when climax (most successful) community presides (hardwood trees)

23
Q

primary succession

A

occurs where there was no pre-existing soil

- glacier retreat, volcanic eruption

24
Q

secondary succession

A

occurs where soil has pre- existed before disturbance

ie fire/ earthquake

25
Q

carrying capacity (K)

A

the amount of individuals an envt can support based on resources etc

26
Q

environmental resistance

A

all the limiting factors that keep a pop from growing at its biotic potential, and determine the carrying capacity

27
Q

biotic potential

A

the max rate at which a pop can increase its size

28
Q

density dependent

A

effect increases as population increases
tend to be biotic
ie food suppy, disease, competition

29
Q

density independent

A

effect is the same regardless of pop size
tend to be abiotic
ie climate, natural disaters

30
Q

4 phases of carrying capacity graph

A
  1. lag phase (slow/ no growth)
  2. growth phase: exponential rise in pop
  3. plateau/ stationary phase: climax community
  4. decline phase: resources lack
31
Q

uniform pop distribution

A

order/ territories: competiton for resources

32
Q

random pop distribution

A

no order, attraction, or repulsion among members (lots of resources)

33
Q

clumped pop distribution

A

order; grouped in patches around an attraction

ie. watering holes/ to protect from predation (bison)

34
Q

J-shaped curve graph (exponential or unrestricted growth)

A

r selected species (closed pops)

35
Q

S shaped graph (logistic or restricted)

A

K selected species (open pops)

36
Q

characteristics of r selected species

A
J shaped graph
- small bodies
- numerous 
- many offspring, no care for offspring 
- high mortality rate
- reach reproductive age early
- short life span
eg bugs/ bacteria
37
Q

characteristics of K selected species

A
S shaped graph
- large bodies, fewer in #s
- few offspring, which require care
- low mortality rate
- reach reproductive age late, long life span
eg mammals, reptiles