Population Dynamics Flashcards
p + q =
1
5 things to maintain hardy weinberg equilibrium
- large population: losing an individual’s genes (genetic drift) has less of an effect on large populations that small ones
- random mating: mating by individuals is not determined by pheno/genotypes
- no mutations: changing alleles present in the pool
- no migration: movnt of alleles in/out (gene flow)
- no natural selection: no env’t factor favoring one genotype over another
p=
frequency of dominant allele in population
q=
frequency of recessive allele in population
p^2
% of homozygous dominant individuals (trait)
q^2=
% of homozygous recessive individuals (trait)
2pq=
% of heterozygous individuals (trait)
mutation (agent of gene pool change)
random changes in genetic sequences. A source of genetic variation for natural selection
gene flow (agent of gene pool change)
movement of individuals (alleles) from one population to another (immigration/ emigration)
non-random mating (agent of gene pool change)
preferred phenotypes, increases those genotypes in pool
Genetic drift (agent of gene pool change) 2 types
change in allele frequency in a breeding pop. due to random events. Small pop. may loose certain alleles (lack of mates, predation, etc): will have a greater impact on smaller groups
- Founder Effect: a pop (gene pool) that’s formed by a small group of individuals (founders) that carry a representation (limited gene pool) of the original pop’s genes
- Bottleneck Effect: quick reduction in pop (starvation, disease) causes a “bottleneck”, surviving pop produces less variant offspring
natural selection (agent of gene pool change)
some individuals are better able to survive & reproduce than others. The offspring carry the successful genes
speciation and 2 types of isolation
formation of a new species (lack of production of viable offspring)
- Geographic isolation
- Reproductive isolation
geographic isolation
separation of individuals of the same species by physical barriers (ie sea, mountains)
- gene flow between 2 groups stops
- eventually individuals of one pop. can no longer interbreed with the other
reproductive isolation
organisms in a pop can no longer mate to produce offspring, even though they live in similar envt
ex mutations not shared, mating seasons differ, reproductive organs