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Biology 30 > Cell division > Flashcards

Cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

2 parts of a cell’s life cycle and amount of time spent in each

A

A: Interphase (90%)

  • G1 = growth phase 1
  • S-phase = Synthesize a copy of DNA
  • G2= growth 2 phase

B: Mitosis & Cytokinesis (10%)

  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase & cytokinesis
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2
Q

describe what occurs during prophase

A
  • chromatin condenses to chromatids
  • centrioles duplicate and move to poles
  • spindle fibres form at centrioles and nuclear membrane dissolves
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3
Q

describe what occurs during metaphase

A

chromosomes (paired chromatids) go to equatorial plate (middle)

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4
Q

describe what occurs during anaphase

A

centromere breaks, spindle fibers shorten (guide chromatids to opposite poles)

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5
Q

describe what happens during telophase/ cytokinesis

A
  • chromatids reach poles and uncoil, reforming chromatin
  • cleavage or cell plate splits cytoplasm & organelles in half
  • nuclear membrane reforms

*plants: formation of cell plate before walls. no centrioles

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6
Q

Mitosis produces __ __________ and

meiosis produces ___ ________

A
  • 2 daughters (diploid)

- 4 gemetes (genetically different and haploid)

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7
Q

in (meiosis/ mitosis), crossing over/ synapsis occurs in which phase

A

meiosis

prophase 1

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8
Q

does the centromere break in meiosis 1 or 2

A

2

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9
Q

Variation occurs due to : (list 3)`

A
  1. crossing over during prophase 1
  2. random movnt of the chromosomes at anaphase to the poles, produce millions of gene combinations in each gamete
  3. chance determines which egg and sperm will meet
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10
Q

in fertilization, what do the egg and sperm each contribute

A 
1 sperm (n): contributes DNA only
\+ 
1 egg (n) contributes DNA and cellular organelles 
= 
zygote (2n)
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11
Q

where do mitosis and meiosis each take place?

A
  • mitosis (asexual reproduction): somatic/ body cells

- meiosis (sexual reproduction): in gonads (sex cells)

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12
Q
  • spermatogenesis (meiosis) forms __ sperm

- oogenesis (meiosis) forms __ egg and __ polar bodies

A
  • 4

- 1 egg and 3 polar bodies

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13
Q

identical twins

A

1 fertilized zygote splits into 2

same DNA = identical

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14
Q

fraternal twins

A

2 fertilizations, same womb

different DNA`

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15
Q

definition of a karyotype

A

stopping cell cycle in prophase, removing and pairing up maternal and paternal chromosomes to find non-disjuntion disorders (mono/trisomy)

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16
Q

karyotype name of down’s syndrome

A

trisomy 21

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17
Q

binary fission

A

dividing (mitosis) into 2 = halves

eg. bacteria and protozoans

18
Q

budding

A

outgrowth detach from cell (eg sea anemone)

19
Q

alteration of generations

A

sexual stage: produces haploid spores that turn into a plant by meiosis
asexual stage: produces haploid gametes by mitosis that fertilize to become diploid adult plant

20
Q

parthenogenesis

A

asexual reproduction: when an unfertilized female egg develops into an adult. The adults may be male or female ( ex daphnia)

21
Q

Gregory Mendel experiment

A

the study of heredity (how traits are inherited). experimented with garden peas

22
Q

gene definition

A

instructions for producing a particular trait

23
Q

allele definition

A

any one of the possible forms of a gene for the same trait

ie yellow or green are alleles for pea pod color

24
Q

locus definition

A

specific location of a gene on a chromosome

25
Q

genotype definition

A

the genes present (2 alleles make a genotype)

26
Q

phenotype definition

A

physical expression of the genotype

eg. tall or short
* environment has big effect on phenotype even though traits are controlled by gemes ( eg rabbit coat color)

27
Q

test cross

A

mixing an unknown phenotype with an unknown phenotype

28
Q

principle of independent assortment

A

genes on non-homologus chromosomes seperate independently from each other during meiosis

29
Q

theory of segregation

A

2n organisms inherit 2 genes for each trait

  • these genes are located on pairs of homologous chromosomes that are separated during meiosis
  • during meiosis, each gamete (n) only receives one gene per trait
  • these genes recombine when the zygote is formed
30
Q

epistatic gene interaction

A

genes that interfere with expression of other genes (ie dog coat color)

31
Q

complementary gene interaction

A

2 different genes interact to produce a phenotype that neither is able to produce by itself
eg squash shapes

32
Q

pleiotropic gene interaction

A

a gene affects many different characteristics

ie sickle cell

33
Q

the further/ closer (locus) a gene is from a previous cross-over event increases the frequency of the next cross over happening

A

further apart

34
Q

only (males/ females) can transmit genetic mutations to their offsprint

A

females

35
Q

mendel’s principal of segregation states that alternate forms of a gene separate during

A

gamete formation

36
Q

how to differential sex- linked vs autosomal

A

sex linked= more boys affected than girls

37
Q

if affected individuals are in every generation of pedigree, it is ______

A

dominant

38
Q

____ is the shortest phase in meiosis/ mitosis

A

metaphase

39
Q

there is no centromere breakage after meiosis 1, so (haploid/ diploid) after meisosis 1

A

haploid

40
Q

examples of sex-linked inheritance to know (3)

A

red-green colorblindness, hemophilia, baldness

41
Q

barr-body

A

tightly condensed, inactive x chromosome in females

eg. calico cats- only female

Biology 30 (7 decks)

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