Reproductive System (Male Histo) Flashcards
State the type of cells in scrotal skin.
What type of glands can be found in scrotal skin?
SCROTAL SKIN - KSSE (keratinised simple squamous epithelium)
- Sebaceous glands
- Apocrine glands
SCROTUM
- Outpouching of lower part of ____ abdominal wall
- ____ cutaneous sac in perineum contains ____, ____ and ____
- 2 muscles in the scrotum =
SCROTUM
- Outpouching of lower part of ANTERIOR abdominal wall
- FIBROMUSCULAR cutaneous sac in perineum contains EPIDIDYMIS, TESTIS and SPERMATIC CORD
- 2 muscles in the scrotum = DARTOS MUSCLE + CREMASTER MUSCLE
State the homologous structures of the scrotal muscles in the anterior abdomianl wall.
State the innervation of the muscles.
DARTOS MUSCLE - continuation of CAMPER’S FASCIA (sheet of smooth muscle)
- innervated by sympathetic fibres from genital branch of genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2)
CREMASTER MUSCLE - continuation of IOM (sheet of skeletal muscle)
- innervated by genital branch of genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2) and branch of lumbar plexus
CREMASTERIC RELFEX
- ____ reflex elicited by gentle stroking of inner thigh
- Afferent = sensory input of reflex mediated by ____ nerve and ____ branch of ____ nerve which innervate skin of upper thigh and groin
- Efferent = motor response mediated by ____ branch of ____ nerve which innervates cremaster muscles
- Spinal cord = reflex arc involves spinal cord segments ____ - ____ where motor signals stimulate cremaster muscle –> contraction and ____ of testis
CREMASTERIC RELFEX
- SUPERFICIAL reflex elicited by gentle stroking of inner thigh
- Afferent = sensory input of reflex mediated by ILIOINGUINAL nerve and FEMORAL branch of GENITOFEMORAL nerve which innervate skin of upper thigh and groin
- Efferent = motor response mediated by GENITAL branch of GENITOFEMORAL nerve which innervates cremaster muscles
- Spinal cord = reflex arc involves spinal cord segments L1 - L2 where motor signals stimulate cremaster muscle –> contraction and ELEVATION of testis
Explain how the 2 scrotal muscles act to maintain scrotal temperature
- when scrotum is exposed to cold temperature –> dartos and cremaster muscles contract to bring testes closer to body –> reduce SA of scrotal skin exposed to cold environment
- when scrotum exposed to hot temperatures, dartos and cremaster muscles relax to allow testes to hang further from body –> increase distance from body’s core heat –> increase SA of scrotal skin to facilitate heat dissipation
State the homologous structure of scrotum in females.
labia majora
State the lymph nodes to be palpated during infections of the scrotal area.
superficial inguinal nodes
Label the testes
TESTES
- Average size:
- Oval shape
- Homologous to ____ in females
- One testis is bogger than the other
- ____ testis usually hangs lower
- Function:
TESTES
- Average size: 4-5cm
- Oval shape
- Homologous to OVARIES in females
- One testis is bigger than the other
- LEFT testis usually hangs lower
- Function: Seminiferous tubules produce in sperm and collect in rete testis + Contains endocrine cells (leydig) to produce testosterone
State the blood supply and blood drainage of TESTES
BLOOD SUPPLY - testicular A <– abdominal A
BLOOD DRAINAGE
- Left testis = Left renal vein –> IVC
- Right testis = IVC directly
- Venous drainage is achieved by paired testicular veins forming pampiniform plexus in scrotum –> network of veins wrapped around testicular A
State the nodes that testes drain into
para-aortic nodes (palpate during testicular cancer)
TUNICA ALBUGINEA - dense ____ tissue covering the testis
- Consists of ____, ____ and few ____ muscle cells
- Tunica ____ = inner part containing ____ tissue with ____ and blood vessels
TUNICA ALBUGINEA - dense CONNECTIVE tissue covering the testis
- Consists of FIBROBLASTS, MYOFIBROBLASTS and few SMOOTH muscle cells
- Tunica VASCULOSA = inner part containing CONNECTIVE tissue with LYMPHATICS and blood vessels
LEYDIG CELLS
- Cells located in ____ supporting tissues between the seminiferous tubules
- Occurs singly or in ____ embedded in rich plexus of blood and lymph capillaries
- Abundant ____ as it is site for steroid hormone synthesis
- Functions =
LEYDIG CELLS
- Cells located in INTERSTITIAL supporting tissues between the seminiferous tubules
- Occurs singly or in CLUMPS embedded in rich plexus of blood and lymph capillaries
- Abundant SER as it is site for steroid hormone synthesis
- Functions = Testosterone synthesis + Hormonal regulation (produce testosterone in presence of LH)
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
- Structure where ____ occurs
- Formation of ____ occurs only during reproductive period which begins at puberty ( ____ - ____ years old)
- Sertoli cells = ____ cells with extensive ____ and ____ processes that surround the adjacent spermatogenic cells
- Functions of sertoli cells =
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
- Structure where SPERMATOGENESIS occurs
- Formation of SPERMATOZOA occurs only during reproductive period which begins at puberty ( 12 - 16 years old)
- Sertoli cells = COLUMNAR cells with extensive APICAL and LATERAL processes that surround the adjacent spermatogenic cells
- Functions of sertoli cells = Provides BTB (blood-testis barrier) to prevent toxins from entering the seminiferous tubules + Secretes inhibin B, ABP and anti-mullerian hormone + Phagocytic functions to clean up cellular debris
SPERMATIC CORD
- Arises at ____
- Passes through ____ canal
- Exits at superficial ____ ring into ____ before terminating at ____ border of testes
SPERMATIC CORD
- Arises at DEEP INGUINAL RING
- Passes through INGUINAL canal
- Exits at superficial INGUINAL ring into SCROTUM before terminating at POSTEROMEDIAL border of testes
VAS DEFERENS
- Long, thick-walled muscular tube with relatively ____ lumen that transports sperm cells from ____
- Leaves the ____ and continues towards the ____ urethra where it empties
- Function =
VAS DEFERENS
- Long, thick-walled muscular tube with relatively SMALL lumen that transports sperm cells from EPIDIDYMIS
- Leaves the SCROTUM and continues towards the PROSTATIC urethra where it empties
- Function = Produces strong peristaltic contraction to expel spermatozoa into prostatic urethra within a very short period during ejaculation
State what occurs in a vasectomy.
Vasectomy = incision is made in the scrotum and vas deferens on either side is cut and tied for male sterilisation
State the epithelium cell type in vas deferens.
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
VAS DEFERENS
- Epithelial lining and lamina propria are thrown into multiple folds to allow for ____
- Tall ____ cells have few ____
- Inner and outer ____ layer
- Thick middle ____ layer
VAS DEFERENS
- Epithelial lining and lamina propria are thrown into multiple folds to allow for EXPANSION
- Tall COLUMNAR cells have few STEREOCILIA
- Inner and outer LONGITUDINAL layer
- Thick middle CIRCULAR layer
State the contents of the spermatic cord (5)
- vas deferens
- testicular A
- pampiniform plexus of veins
- genital branch of the genitofemoral N
- lymphatics and sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres
EPIDIDYMIS
- Long ____ tube that transports sperm from ____ to ____
- Tightly coiled
- Lies in ____ along ____ and ____ side of each testis
- Functions =
EPIDIDYMIS
- Long COILED tube that transports sperm from TESTES to VAS DEFERENS
- Tightly coiled
- Lies in SCROTUM along POSTEROLATERAL and SUPERIOR side of each testis
- Functions = Head receives spermatozoa from testis via efferent ductules + Body facilitates functional maturation of spermatozoa to develop motility + Tail for storage of sperm until ejaculation
EPIDIDYMIS
- Duct of epididymis is lined by ____ epithelium
- 3 types of cells =
EPIDIDYMIS
- Duct of epididymis is lined by PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR epithelium
- 3 types of cells = Principal cell + Basal cell + Smooth muscle layer
EPIDIDYMIS
- Principal cell = tall ____ with long ____ that project into lumen to facilitate ____ and ____
- Basal cell = small, ____ cells near the basement membrane responsible for producing new cells
- Smooth muscular layer = increases from a single layer at the proximal end to ____ layers at the distal end
EPIDIDYMIS
- Principal cell = tall COLUMNAR with long STEROCILIA that project into lumen to facilitate ABSORPTION and EXCRETION
- Basal cell = small, ROUND cells near the basement membrane responsible for producing new cells
- Smooth muscular layer = increases from a single layer at the proximal end to 3 layers at the distal end
SEMINAL VESICLES
- Pair of highly ____ positioned below the posterior wall of urinary bladder
- Contributes ____ - ____ % of seminal fluid containing ____, ____, ____ and ____
SEMINAL VESICLES
- Pair of highly COILED positioned below the posterior wall of urinary bladder
- Contributes 70 - 80 % of seminal fluid containing PROTEIN, MUCOUS, FRUCTOSE and PROSTAGLANDINS
State the type of cells that line the SEMINAL VESICLES
seminal vesicles - pseudostratified columnar epithelium
PROSTATE GLAND
- Produces prostatic fluid that makes up around ____ % of seminal fluid
- Located directly ____ to neck of urinary bladder
- Serum marker for prostatic cancer =
PROSTATE GLAND
- Produces prostatic fluid that makes up around 30 % of seminal fluid
- Located directly POSTERIOR to neck of urinary bladder
- Serum marker for prostatic cancer = PSA
PROSTATE GLAND
- Composed of ____ glands and stroma
- Prostatic stroma is ____ with abundant ____ muscle cells mixed with ____, blood vessels and nerves
- Glands are lined by ____ epithelium
- Corpora ____ = concretions of prostatic fluid in lumen of some glands (especially seen in ____ men) + contains ____ and keratin sulfate + has concentric ____ appearance
- No ____ tisue is present in prostate
- Basal cells = small, round stem cells resting on basement membrane
PROSTATE GLAND
- Composed of TUBULOALVEOLAR/TUBOLOACINI glands and stroma
- Prostatic stroma is FIBROMUSCULAR with abundant SMOOTH muscle cells mixed with FIRBOBLASTS, blood vessels and nerves
- Glands are lined by PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR epithelium
- Corpora AMYLACEA = concretions of prostatic fluid in lumen of some glands (especially seen in OLDER men) + contains GLYCOPROTEIN and keratin sulfate + has concentric LAMELLAR appearance
- No ADIPOSE tisue is present in prostate
- Basal cells = small, round stem cells resting on basement membrane
PENIS
(1) Corpus cavernosa = surrounding by tough fibrous sheath called ____
- Composed of numerous blood-filled spaces (____) lined by enthelial cells which fill with blood during erection when smooth muscle fibres relax and sinusoids dilate
- Spaces separated by ____ containing ____ muscle fibres and connective tissue
(2) Corpus spongiosum = surrounds the urethra
- Contains ____ and ____ sinusoids compared to corpora cavernosa
- Tissue is more ____ to prevent urethral compression during erection
PENIS
(1) Corpus cavernosa = surrounding by tough fibrous sheath called TUNICA ALBUGINEA
- Composed of numerous blood-filled spaces (SINUSOIDS) lined by enthelial cells which fill with blood during erection when smooth muscle fibres relax and sinusoids dilate
- Spaces separated by TRABECULAE containing SMOOTH muscle fibres and connective tissue
(2) Corpus spongiosum = surrounds the urethra
- Contains FEWER and SMALLER sinusoids compared to corpora cavernosa
- Tissue is more ELASTIC to prevent urethral compression during erection
State the types of epithelium in
1. pre-prostatic urethra
2. prostatic urethra
3. membranous urethra
4. spongy urethra
pre-prostatic urethra - transitional epithelium
prostatic urethra - transitional epithelium
membranous urethra - pseudostratified columnar epithelium
spongy urethra - pseudostratified columnar epihtelium except for terminal protion whcih is by stratified squamous epithelium
