Lower Limb Anatomy (Muscles) Flashcards
State the boundaries of FASCIA LATA
Superior:
Inferior:
Medial:
Lateral:
Posterior:
Superior: in front of thigh to ASIS, inguinal ligament, pubic tubercle
Inferior: front and sides of knee and capsule
Medial: pubis, pubic arch, ischial tuberosity
Lateral: iliac crest
Posterior: sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament
In the thigh region, the medial and lateral ____ ____ divide the region into 3 compartments. Each anterior compartment contains its own set of nerves:
Anterior compartment:
Medial compartment:
Posterior compartment:
In the thigh region, the medial and lateral INTERMUSCULAR SEPTUM divide the region into 3 compartments. Each anterior compartment contains its own set of nerves:
Anterior compartment: FEMORAL NERVE
Medial compartment: OBTURATOR NERVE
Posterior compartment: SCIATIC NERVE
Using the 4 quadrants in the gluteal region, explain the choice of quadrant for ____ injections.
Upper lateral quadrant is the safest.
- Avoid lower lateral and medial quadrant due to proximity to sciatic nerve
- Sciatic nerve impingement/compression –> foot drop
State the 2 structures that form the FASCIA LATA
- iliotibial tract - formed from gluteus maximus (superficial fibres) and tensor fascia latae
- saphenous opening - contains great saphenous vein which continues from femoral vein
State the function of the iliotibial band/tract
Stabilises knee in extension and in partial flexion
State the major muscles of the gluteal region.
Larger muscles:
- gluteus maximus
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
Smaller muscles:
- piriformis
- gemellus superior
- gemellus inferior
- obturator internus
- quadratus femoris
Name the blue and yellow muscles.
Recall function of muscles.
Recal innervation of muscles.
State the bursa that lies between tendons of each muscle and greater trochanter of the femur.
Blue = gluteus medius
Yellow = gluteus minimus
function:
1. major abductors of hip
- contraction of both muscles on stance side prevents excessive pelvic tilt during swing phase of walking on opposite side
2. medial rotation of hip
innervation: superficial gluteal N (L5-S1)
trochanteric bursa lies between the tendons of gluteus medius and minimus and the greater trochanter of femur
Name the green muscle.
Recall function of muscles.
Recal innervation of muscles.
Green = gluteus maximus
function:major extensor of hip(during standing from seated position or during climbing of stairs)
innervation: inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
State the origin and insertion of gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.
Gluteus maximus:
origin - posterior surface of ilium, dorsal surface of sacrum, side of sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament
insertion - iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosityof femur
Gluteus medius:
origin - outer surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
insertion - oblique ridge of lateral surface of greater trochanter/ greater trochanter
Gluteus minimus:
origin - outer surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
insertion - ridge on the anterior surface of greater trochanter
State the muscles in the gluteal region that allow lateral rotation of thigh at hip joint.
- piriformis
- gemellus superior
- gemellus inferior
- obturator internus
- quadratus femoris
State the muscles in this diagram.
Green = gluteus maximus
Yellow = piriformis
Blue = gemellus superior
Red = obturator internus
Purple = gemellus inferior
Teal = quadratus femoris
State the origin and insertion of the smaller muscles of the gluteal region.
PIRIFORMIS:
o = pelvic surface of S2-S4
i = apex of greater trochanter
GEMELLUS SUPERIOR:
o = posterior surface of ischial tuberosity
i = medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
OBTURATOR INTERNUS:
o = pelvis surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones
i = medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
GEMELLUS INFERIOR:
o = upper part of ischial tuberosity, lower part of lesser sciatic notch
i = medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
QUADRATUS FEMORIS:
o = lateral border of ischial tuberosity
i = quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest and area below it
State the innervation of the small muscles of the gluteal region.
PIRIFORMIS - ventral rami of S1-S2
GEMELLUS SUPERIOR - nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)
OBTURATOR INTERNUS - nerve to obturator internus (L5-S1)
GEMELLUS INFERIOR - nerve to quadratus femoris (L4-S1)
QUADRATUS FEMORIS - nerve to quadratus femoris (L5-S1)
Tensor fascia latae continues as the iliotibial tract.
Recall the function of the muscle.
Recall innervation.
Recall origin and insertion.
TENSOR FASCIA LATAE
function: abduction of hip (maintains extended position of knee joint through iliotibial tract)
innervation: superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
o = outer lip of iliac crest (from ASIS to tubercle of iliac crest)
i = iliotibial tract
Summarise the muscles innervated by
1. superior gluteal N
2. inferior gluteal N
SUPERIOR GLUTEAL N:
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
- tensor fascia latae
INFERIOR GLUTEAL N:
- gluteus maximus
State the muscles located in the posterior compartment of the thigh.
HAMSTRINGS:
Blue = long head of adductor magnus
Yellow = semimembranosus
Red = semitendinosus
Green = biceps femoris (long head)
State the functions of the hamstring muscles.
Recall the innervation of muscles
- knee flexion (major) - with gastrocnemius and sartorius
- hip extension - with gluteus maximus
- restricts range of hip flexion when knee is extended
innervation: sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
- tibial part of sciatic nerve for all muscles except short head of biceps femoris
- common peroneal/fibular part for short head of biceps femoris
State the origin and insertion for each of the hamstring muscles.
SEMITENDINOSUS:
o = ischial tuberosity
i = pes anserine on medial aspect of tibia
BICEPS FEMORIS:
o = ischial tuberosity
i = head of fibula
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS:
o = ischial tuberosity
i = posterior aspect of medial condyle
State the 3 functions of muscles in the anterior compartment of thigh.
- hip flexion
- hip adductors
- knee extensors
State the common function of all the muscles identified.
State the names of each muscle from 1-5.
function: hip flexion
- Psoas major (major)
- Iliacus (major)
- Sartorius
- Rectus femoris
- Pectineus
Strate the origin and insertion of the major hip flexors.
State the innervation of each muscle.
recall: major hip flexors include psoas major + iliacus
PSOAS MAJOR:
o = L1-L4 vertebrae
i = lesser trochanter of femur
innervation - L1-L4 ventral rami
ILIACUS:
o = upper 2/3 of floor of iliac fossa, inner lip of iliac crest, upper surface of lateral part of sacrum
i = lesser trochanter of femur
innervation - femoral N (L2-L3)
State the common function of all the muscles identified.
State the names of each muscle from 1-5.
function: hip adduction
- pectineus
- adductor brevis
- adductor longus
- adductor magnus
- gracilis
State the innervation of these muscles.
State the functions of each muscle.
PECTINEUS
- innervation = obturator N (anterior division), femoral N
- function = hip adduction
ADDUCTOR BREVIS
- innervation = obturator N (anterior and posterior division)
- function = hip adduction
ADDUCTOR LONGUS
- innervation = obturator N (anterior division)
- function = hip adduction, medial rotation of thigh
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
- innervation = obturator N (anterior and posterior division)
- function = hip adduction, weak medial rotation of thigh, weak hip extension
GRACILIS
- innervation = obturator N
- function = hip adduction, knee flexion, hip rotation
State the common function of the muscles.
Name the muscles from 1-5.
State the innervation of the muscles.
function: knee extension
collectively, 1-4 = quadriceps femoris
1. vastus medialis (superficial)
2. rectus femoris (superficial)
3. vastus lateralis (superficial)
4. vastus intermedius (deep to rectus femoris)
innervation -femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Summarise the muscles used for each action of the hip.
State the corresponding innervation and nerve root of each action.
- Hip Flexion
- Hip Extension
- Hip Abduction
- Hip Adduction
- Hip Medial Rotation
- Hip Lateral Rotation
Hip Flexion - femoral nerve, ventral rami - L2-L3
1. psoas major
2. iliacus
3. pectineus
4. sartorius
5. rectus femoris
Hip Extension - inferior gluteal nerve - L4-5
1. gluteus maximus (major)
2. hamstrings - biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
3. adductor magnus
Hip Abduction - superior gluteal nerve - L4-L5
1. gluteus medius
2. gluteus minimus
3. tensor fascia latae
4. gastrocnemius
Hip Adduction - obturator nerve - L2-L3
1. pectineus
2. adductor brevis
3. adductor magnus
4. adductor longus
5. gracilis
Hip Medial Rotation - superficial gluteal nerve - L2-L3
1. gluteus medius (anterior fibres)
2. gluteus minimus (anterior fibres)
3. tensor fascia latae
Hip Lateral Rotation - L4-L5
1. piriformis
2. obturator internus
3. gemellus superior
4. gemellus inferior
5. quadratus femoris
State the nerve roots of obturator nerve and femoral nerve.
obturator nerve - L2-L4
femoral nerve - L2-L4
State the nerves in each compartment (anterior, lateral, posterior) of the leg
anterior compartment - deep peroneal N
lateral compartment - superficial peroneal N
posterior compartment - tibial N
State the functions of the muscles located in each compartment
Anterior compartment - dorsiflexors/extensors of foot
Lateral compartment - fibularis longus + fibularis brevis
Posterior compartment - plantarflexors/flexors of foot
Name the muscles located in the anterior compartment of the leg.
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG
State the innervation of the muscles.
State the action of each muscle.
recap: TDH-F = tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius
innervation: deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
TOM - TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
- function = ankle dorsiflexion (major), foot inversion(at subtalar joints)
DICK - EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
- function = ankle dorsiflexion (major), extension of lateral 4 toes (at MP, PIP and DIP joints)
HARRY - EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
- function = ankle dorsiflexion (major) , extension of great toe
F - FIBULARIS TERTIUS
- function = ankle dorsiflexion, eversion of foot*
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS
- function = extension of great toe to fourth toe when foot is dorsiflexed
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG
State the origin and insertion of each muscle.
**TIBIALIS ANTERIOR **
o = upper 2/3 lateral surface of tibia, interosseous membrane, distal part of lateral condyle of tibia
i = medial cuneiform, adjoining part of base of 1st metatarsal
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
o = lateral condyle of tibia, upper 3/4 medial surface of fibula
i = bases of middle and distal phalanges of lateral four toes
EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
o = middle 2/4 of medial surface of shaft of fibula
i = base of distal phalanx of greater toe
FIBULARIS TERTIUS
o = lower 1/4 medial surface of fibula, adjacent part of interosseous membrane
i = medial part of base of 5th metatarsal bone
Name the muscles 1-2 in the lateral compartment of the leg.
State the functions of the muscles
State the innervation of the muscles
1 = fibularis longus muscle
2 = fibularis brevis muscle
functions:
1. ankle eversion
2. ankle plantarflexion (weak)
3. supports lateral longitudinal arch of foot
innervation = superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF LEG
State the origin and insertion of each muscle.
FIBULARIS LONGUS
o = head of fibula, upper 2/3 lateral surface of shaft of fibula
i = medial cuneiform, base of 1st metatarsal
FIBULARIS BREVIS
o = lower 2/3 lateral surface of shaft of fibula
i = lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal
State the superficial and deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg.
State the innervation of the compartment
Superficial
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
- plantaris
Deep
- popliteus
- flexor digitorum longus
- flexor hallucis longus
- tibialis posterior
Innervation = tibial nerve
Name the muscles 1-3 in the posterior compartment of the leg.
State the functions of each muscle.
1 = gastrocnemius - knee flexion, foot plantarflexion (when knee extended)
2 = soleus - foot plantarflexion (when knee flexed)
3 = plantaris - foot plantarflexion, knee flexion (minor)
Name the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg.
State the functions of each muscle.
(1) popliteus - knee unlocking (rotates femur laterally during flexion of knee)
(2) = flexor digitorum longus - plantarflexion of lateral 4 toes, ankle plantarflexion, maintains longitudinal arches of foot
(3) = flexor hallucis longus - plantarflexion of great toe, maintains medial longitudinal arches of foot
(4) = tibialis posterior - foot inversion, ankle plantarflexion
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG
State the origin and insertion of the superficial muscles.
GASTROCNEMIUS
o = (medial head) posterosuperior surface of medial femoral condyle behind adductor tubercle + adjoining part of popliteal surface of femur, (lateral head) lateral surface of lateral femoral condyle
i = middle 1/3 of posterior surface of calcaneum
SOLEUS
o = posterior head of fibula, tendinosus arch connecting tibia and fibula, soleal line, medial border of tibia
i = middle 1/3 of posterior surface of calcaneum
PLANTARIS
o = lower part of lateral supracondylar line of femur
i = middle 1/3 of posterior surface of calcaneum medial to tendocalcaneus
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG
State the origin and insertion of the deep muscles.
POPLITEUS
o = popliteal groove on lateral surface of lateral femoral condyle, lateral meniscus, arcuate popliteal ligament
i = medial 2/3 of triangular area above soleal line
FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
o = upper 2/3 of medial part of posterosurface of tibia below soleal line
i = bases of distal phalanges of lateral four toes
FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
o = lower 3/4 of posterosurface of fibula behind medial crest, adjoining interosseous membrane
i = base of plantar surface of distal phalanx of great toe
TIBIALIS POSTERIOR
o = upper 2/3 of lateral part of posterosurface of tibia
i = all tarsal bones except talus, 2nd-4th metatarsals
Name the contents 1-6 of the tarsal tunnel. State the muscle that superficially binds the content.
1 = Tibialis posterior
2 = Flexor Digitorum Longus
3 = Tibial vein
4 = Tibial artery
5 = Tibial nerve
6 = Flexor Hallucis Longus
the flexor digitorum binds superficially from middle malleolus to medial tubercle of calcaneus
DORSUM OF FOOT
Name the contents 1-6.
1 = superficial fibular nerve
2 = deep fibular nerve
3 = fibularis tertius
4 = extensor digitorum brevis
5 = dorsal pedis artery
6 = dorsal venous arch
DORSUM OF FOOT
State the functions and innervation of extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis.
extensor digitorum brevis - extension of 2nd-4th toe
extensor hallucis brevis - extension of great toe
innervation = deep fibular nerve (L5-S1)
SOLE OF FOOT
State the components 1-3. Explain the significance of component 1
1 = plantar aponeurosis
2 = lateral plantar fascia
3 = medial plantar fascia
plantar aponeurosis
- central thickened part of deep fascia
- extends from medial tubercle of calcaneus to deep transverse metatarsal ligament
SOLE OF FOOT
Name the coloured muscles of the most superficial layer of sole of foot.
Name the vessels 1-2 in the second layer of sole of foot.
Blue = Abductor digiti minimi
Green = Flexor digitorum brevis
Yellow = Abductor hallucis
1 = Medial plantar nerve
2 = Medial plantar artery
SOLE OF FOOT
State the function and innervation of each muscle in the most superficial layer of foot.
ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI
- function = abduction and flexion of little toe at MTP joint
- innervation = lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)
FLEXOR DIGITORUM BREVIS
- function = flexion of second-fifth (little) toe
- innervation = medial plantar nerve (S1-S3)
ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS
- function = abduction of great toe at MTP joint
- innervation = medial plantar nerve (S1-S3)
SOLE OF FOOT
Name the coloured muscles in the second layer (deeper) of muscles.
Yellow = Lumbricals
Green = Quadratus plantae/Flexor digitorum accessorius
SOLE OF FOOT
State the function and innervation of each muscle in the 2nd layer of muscles of foot.
LUMBRICALS
- function = plantarflexion of second-little toe at MTP joint (minor), dorsiflexion of second-little toe at IP joint
- innervation = lateral plantar nerve (S1-S3)
QUADRATUS PLANTAE/FLEXOR DIGITORUM ACCESSORIUS
- function = plantarflexion at MTP joint of second-little toe, dorsiflexion at IP joint of second-little toe
- innervation = lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)
SOLE OF FOOT
Name the coloured muscles in the sole of foot and classify based on layer of muscle (superficial or deep)
3rd layer of muscles:
Blue = Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Red = Adductor hallucis
Yellow = Flexor hallucis brevis
4th layer (depest layer of muscles)
Purple = dorsal interossei
Green = plantar interossei
SOLE OF FOOT
State the function and innervation of each muscle in the 3rd and 4th layer of muscles of foot.
3RD LAYER OF MUSCLES:
1. FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS
- function - flexion of PP at MTP joint of little toe
- innervation - lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)
-
ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS
- function - adduction of greeat toe at MTP joint
- innervation - lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3) -
FLEXOR HALLUCIS BREVIS
- function - flexion of great toe at MTP joint
- innervation - medial plantar nerve (S1-S3)
4TH LAYER OF MUSCLES:
1. DORSAL INTEROSSEI
- function - abduction of second-little toe at MTP joint, flexion of second-little toe at MTP joint with extension of IP joint
- innervation - lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)
-
PLANTAR INTEROSSEI
- function - adduction of third-little toe at MTP joint, flexion of toes at MTP joint with extension of IP joint
