Head and Neck 7 (Cerebellum)

Question 1

State the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum

Answer 1

1. vestibulo-cerebellum
2. spino-cerebellum
3. cerebro-cerebellum

Question 2

State the blood supply of the cerebellum

Answer 2

1. superior cerebellar A
2. anterior inferior cerebellar A
3. posterior inferior cerebellar A

Question 3

State the location of the information carried by each cerebellar penduncle

Answer 3

superior - from cerebellum to cerebral cortex

middle - from cerebral cortex to cerebellum

inferior - from spinal cord to cerebellum

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Name the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

Answer 5

1. flocculonodular lobe
2. anterior lobe
3. posterior lobe

Question 6

State the contents of the dep nuclei in grey matter

Answer 6

1. dentate nuclei
2. interposed nuclei
3. fastigial

Question 7

State the 2 layers of the cerebral cortex and state which is superficial and deep

Answer 7

molecular layer (ML) - superficial
granule cell layer (GCL) - deep

Question 8

State the anatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum and their locations

Answer 8

vestibulo-cerebellum = flocculonodular lobe

spino-cerebellum = vermis + paravermal

cerebro-cerebellum = lateral hemispheres

Question 9

State the function of vestibulo-cerebellum division

Answer 9

VESTIBULO-CEREBELLUM DIVISION
- Involved in vestibular reflexes (such as vestibulo-ocular reflex) and in postural maintenance

Question 10

State the function of spino-cerebellum division

Answer 10

SPINO-CEREBELLUM DIVISION
- Involved in integration of sensory input with motor commands to produce adaptive motor coordination

Question 11

State the function of cerebro-cerebellum division

Answer 11

CEREBRO-CEREBELLUM DIVISION
- Involved in planning and timing of movements and cognitive functions of cerebellum

Question 12

Regarding the VESTIBULO-CEREBELLUM, state the
- Location
- Function
- Afferent neuron
- Efferent neuron
- Dysfunction result

Answer 12

Regarding the VESTIBULO-CEREBELLUM, state the
- Location = Flocculonodular lobe
- Function = Involved in vestibuar reflexes (eg: vestibulo-ocular reflex) + postural maintenance
- Afferent neuron = Vestibular Nc
- Efferent neuron = Vestibular Nc (projecting to SPINAL CORD VIA VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACTS and Nc OF CN III, IV, VI)
- Dysfunction result= Loss of equilibrium, altered walking gait, wide stance

Question 13

Regarding the SPINO-CEREBELLUM, state the
- Location
- Function
- Afferent neuron
- Efferent neuron
- Dysfunction result

Answer 13

Regarding the SPINO-CEREBELLUM, state the
- Location = Vermis and Paravermis
- Function = Integration of sensory input with motor commands to produce adaptive motor coordination (adjusting on-going movements)
- Afferent neuron = Spinocerebellar tracts
- Efferent neuron = Vestibular (and red) Nc –> projecting to spinal cord
- Dysfunction result = Disrupts whole body movements (VERMIS) + Disrupts fine movements of hands and limbs (PARAVERMIS)

Question 14

Regarding the CEREBRO-CEREBELLUM, state the
- Location
- Function
- Afferent neuron
- Efferent neuron
- Dysfunction result

Answer 14

Regarding the CEREBRO-CEREBELLUM, state the
- Location = Lateral hemispheres
- Function = Planning and timing of movements (coordination) + Cognitive functions
- Afferent neuron = Cerebral cortex (cortico-pontine –> pontocerebellar fibres)
- Efferent neuron =Thalamus –> back to cortex
- Dysfunction result = Problems with skilled voluntary and planned movements + Hypotonia + Dysarthria + Dysmetria + Dysdiadochokinesia + Impaired check reflex and rebound phenomenon + Tremors

Question 15

State the common presentation of dysfunctions of
1. vestibulo-cerebellum
2. spinocerebellum
3. cerebrocerebellum (neocerebellum)

Answer 15

VESTIBULO-CEREBELLUM
- Loss of equilibrium
- Altered walking gait
- Wide stance

SPINOCEREBELLUM
- Disruption of whole body movements (vermis)
- Disruption of fine movements of hands and limbs (paravermis)

CEREBROCEREBLLUM (NEOCEREBELLUM)
- Problems with skilled voluntary and planned movements
- Hypotonia
- Dysmetria
- Dysarthria
- Dysdiadochokinesia
- Rebound phenomenon and impaired check reflex
- Tremors

Question 16

In general,
Damage to upper part of cerebellum –>

Damage to lower part of cerebellum –>

Answer 16

Damage to upper part of cerebellum –> gait impairment + probems with leg coordination (mainly LL)

Damage to lower part of cerebellum –> unocordinated/poorly aimed movements of the UL + difficulties in speed (mainly UL)

Question 17

Cerebellum is the main control centre for ….(3)

Answer 17

Cerebellum is the main control centre for (CEM)
1. Coordination of voluntary muscle activity (ipsilateral)
2. Equilibrium (balance)
3. Muscle tone

Question 18

Which functional component of the cerebellum is involved in proprioception?

Answer 18

spinocerebellum

recap: involved in integration of sensory input (proprioception) with motor commands to produce adaptive motor coordination (adjusts on-going movement)

Question 19

Does regulation of CEM
C = control of voluntary muscle activity
E = equilibrium
M = muscle tone

occur consciously / subconsciously

Answer 19

SUBCONSCIOUSLY + automatic

Question 20

State the neurological exmainations involved in assessment of cerebellar function/dysfunction

Answer 20

1. assesment of gait
2. finger-pointing tests
3. assessment of posture

Question 21

State and explain the 3 main dys- of cerebellar dysfunction

Answer 21

(1) DYSEQUILIBRIUM - unsteady in standing position and shows considerable swaying of body, staggering attempt to walk, tendency to fall

(2) DYSTONIA - loss in resistance normally offered by muscles to passive manipulation

(3) DYSSYNERGIA - losss of coordinated muscle movements or inability to arrest muscular movement at desired point

Question 22

State the 3 important parts of the CNS that act in control of muscle movements

Answer 22

1. cerebral cortex
2. basal ganglia
3. cerebellum

Question 23

Name a common condition related to dysfunction of basal ganglia

Answer 23

parkinsonism