Reproductive System (Female Histo) Flashcards
Does the ovary develop in the posterior/anterior abdominal wall?
Explain its descent.
ovary develops in the POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
- Ovary undergoes internal descent to reach the lateral wall of the pelvis inferior to the pelvic inlet
- Ovary does not descend past the pelvis due to the attachment of the gubernaculum to uterus
State the 2 ligaments that originate from the gubernaculum
- round ligament of uterus
- ovarian ligament
What is the mesentery? What organ does it support?
Mesentery = posterior part of the broad ligament
Mesentery supports the ovary.
Name the suspensory ligament of the ovaries.
State…
- Vessels it contains
- Is it a part of the gubernaculum?
suspensory ligament of the ovaries = infundibulopelvic ligament
- Contains ovarian artery + ovarian vein + lymphatics + nerves
- It is not part of the gubernaculum
State the blood supply and drainage of the OVARIES
OVARIES
- Blood supply = ovarian A <– aorta
- Blood drainage (right ovary) = ovarian V –> ivc
- Blood drainage (left ovary) = ovarian V –> left renal vein –> ivc
State the lymph nodes that should be checked for metastases in case of OVARIAN MALIGNANCIES
para-aortic nodes
State the layers of the ovary (exterior to inferior)
exterior - inferior:
germinal epithelium
tunica albuginea
cortex
stroma medulla
hilum
TUNICA ALBUGINEA OF OVARY
- Condensed ____ composed of short ____ tissue fibres with ____ cells between
**TUNICA ALBUGINEA OF OVARY **
- Condensed STROMA composed of short CONNECTIVE tissue fibres with FUSIFORM cells between
State the content of the cortex
cortex - ovarian follicles in different stages of development
STROMA OF OVARY
- Both in outer ____ and inner ____ regions
- Provides ____ support and a microenvironment for the develoment of ____ follicles
- Can give rise to granulosa cell tumours/thecomas
STROMA OF OVARY
- Both in outer CORTEX and inner MEDULLA regions
- Provides STRUCTURAL support and a microenvironment for the develoment of OVARIAN follicles
- Can give rise to granulosa cell tumours/thecomas
State the function of the HILUM OF OVARY
hilum of ovary- entry and exit of blood vessels
State the type of cells in the GERMINAL EPITHELIUM OF OVARIES
germinal epithelium - simple squamous mesothelial layer
- visceral peritoneum that covers ovaries
EMBRYOLOGY OF OVA
- ____ germ cells are precursors for gametes –> originates in ____ ____ wall near allantois –> migratres through dorsal ____ and reaches ____ ridge –> mitotic division
EMBRYOLOGY OF OVA
- PRIMORDIAL germ cells are precursors for gametes –> originates in YOLK SAC wall near allantois –> migratres through dorsal MESENTERY and reaches GENITAL ridge –> mitotic division
State the differences between OVARIAN CYCLE and UTERINE CYCLE
Explain the process of oogenesis before puberty
BEFORE PUBERTY
- Primordial germ cells (oogonium) undergo mitosis to form primary oocyte (400k present at birth) which is arrested at prophase I until after puberty
- Recap: PGC produced in yolk sac –> migrate to dorsal mesentery –> genital ridge
Explain the process of oogenesis after puberty
AFTER PUBERTY
(1) Continuation of meisosis after puberty and primary occyte develops into secondary oocyte
- Secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II until fertilisation
- Secondary oocyte undergoes apoptosis if unfertilised
- Formation of secondary oocyte includes formation of a polar body which is biologically inactive
(2) Secondary oocyte undergoes ovulation and fertilisation to form zygote which leads to resumptio of meisosis II
- Another polar body is produced
Explain oogenesis (before + after puberty)
- (before puberty) PGC (oogonium) undergoes mitosis to form primary oocyte (400k at birth) which is arrested in prophase I until puberty
- (after puberty) primary oocyte undergoes meisosis to develop into secondary oocyte (+ 1 polar body) which is arrested in metaphase II after fertilisation and undergoes apoptosis if unfertilised
- (after puberty) secondary oocyte undergoes ovulation and fertilisation to form zygote (+1 polar body) leading to resumption of meiosis II
State the different stages of follicular growth starting from primordial germ celi
primordial germ cell
primary follicle
secondary follicle
graafian follicle
corpus luteum
corpus albicans
PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE - ____ oocyte with surrounding single layer of ____ cells
PRIMARY FOLLICLE - ____ oocyte surrounding multiple layers of ____ cells, zona ____ and ____ cells
SECONDARY FOLLICLE - follicular ____ eccentrically pushes ____ surrounding ____ cells then ____ cells
PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE - PRIMARY oocyte with surrounding single layer of FLATTENED cells
PRIMARY FOLLICLE - PRIMARY oocyte surrounding multiple layers of FOLLICULAR cells, zona PELLUCIDA and THECA cells
SECONDARY FOLLICLE - follicular ANTRUM eccentrically pushes OOCYTE surrounding GRANULOSA cells then THECA cells
GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE - follicular ____ becomes larger, oocyte still ecentrically located, ____ ____ between the two, crowded granulosa cells (____ ____), theca cells surrounding
CORPUS LUTEUM - oocyte, zona pellucida, corona radiata, cumulus oophorus, antrum, granulosa cells, theca cells
CORPUS ALBICANS - ____ scar tissue
GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE - follicular ANTRUM becomes larger, oocyte still ecentrically located, CORONA RADIATA between the two, crowded granulosa cells (CUMULUS OOPHORUS), theca cells surrounding
CORPUS LUTEUM - oocyte, zona pellucida, corona radiata, cumulus oophorus, antrum, granulosa cells, theca cells
CORPUS ALBICANS - FIBROUS scar tissue
Lavel the parts of the PRIMARY FOLLICLE
Label the SECONDARY FOLLICLE
Label the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
State the functions of CORONA RADIATA and ZONA PELLUCIDA in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
corona radiata - protects the ovum and provides vital proteins to the cell
zona pellucida - prevents entry of extra sperm cells into the ovum –> prevents polyspermy
CORPUS LUTEUM
- ____ graafian follicle reorganises to form corpus luteum
- ____ is the main hormone produced (state function of hormone)
- After 3-4 months, the ____ takes over the function of the corpus luteum and continues to secrete ____ to continue pregnancy
- hCG (____ ____ ____) is produced by ____ cells that surround the growing embryo –> forms placenta (state the function of hormone)
CORPUS LUTEUM
- RUPTURED graafian follicle reorganises to form corpus luteum
- PROGESTERONE is the main hormone produced (function = Promtoes development of spiral arteries –> enhances blood supply to endometrium to provide necessary oxygen and nutrients to support pregnancy)
- After 3-4 months, the PLACENTA takes over the function of the corpus luteum and continues to secrete PROGETERONE to continue pregnancy
- hCG (HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN) is produced by SYNCTIOTROPHOBLAST cells that surround the growing embryo –> forms placenta (function = Prevents degeneration of corpus luteum during early months of pregnancy)
CORPUS ALBICANS
- Corpus ____ transforms into white ____ tissue seen on surface of ovary
- Placenta fully developed and takes over production of progesterone from corpus luteum
- Seen as small, ____ hyperechogenic intra-ovrian lesion
- Can be misinterpreted as ovarian ____, calcified ovarian ____ or ____
CORPUS ALBICANS
- Corpus LUTEUM transforms into white SCAR tissue seen on surface of ovary
- Placenta fully developed and takes over production of progesterone from corpus luteum
- Seen as small, LOBULATED hyperechogenic intra-ovrian lesion
- Can be misinterpreted as ovarian CYST, calcified ovarian TUMOUR or ENDOMETRIOMA
State the type of cells that line the FALLOPIAN TUBE
fallopian tube - simple columnar epithelium
State the 2 types of cells found in the FALLOPIAN TUBE. State their functions.
- ciliated cells - aids in movement of ovum towards uterus
- secretory (peg) cells - non-ciliated cells that secrete glycoprotein which is a nutrien tfor the ovum
Recap: State the 4 partsof the fallopian tube
fimbriae
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
State the 3 layers of the UTERUS
- perimetrium (outer most layer)
- myometrium (middle layer)
- endometrium (inner most layer)
PERIMETRIUM OF THE UTERUS
- ____ layer
- ____ tissue layer which is ____ and ____ (binds to peritoneum) in differen parts
PERIMETRIUM OF THE UTERUS
- OUTERMOST layer
- CONNECTIVE tissue layer which is ADVENTITIAL and SEROSAL (binds to peritoneum) in differen parts
MYOMETRIUM
- ____ layer
- Highly ____, thick, smooth ____ layer organised into poorly-defined layers with bundles of fibres interwoven in various directions
- ____ promotes myometrial growth through ____ and ____ –> increasing contractility of muscles
- ____ relaxes ____ muscles
- Function =
- During delivery of fetus, ____ reinforces muscular contractions of the myometrium to expel the fetus from the uterus
- Contractions constrict the blood supply to placenta –> precipitates ____ from uterine wall
MYOMETRIUM
- MIDDLE layer
- Highly VASCULARISED, thick, smooth MUSCULAR layer organised into poorly-defined layers with bundles of fibres interwoven in various directions
- ESTROGEN promotes myometrial growth through HYPERPLASIA and HYPERTROPHY –> increasing contractility of muscles
- PROGESTERONE relaxes SMOOTH muscles
- Function = Induces uterine contractions
- During delivery of fetus, OXYTOCIN reinforces muscular contractions of the myometrium to expel the fetus from the uterus
- Contractions constrict the blood supply to placenta –> precipitates DETACHMENT from uterine wall
ENDOMETRIUM
- ____ layer
- Lined by ____ epithelium and contains numerous ____ glands
- No discrete borders between the two layers of endometrium but layers differentiated as ____ tissue is more ____ in basal layer
- 2 layers =
- Functional layer (stratum ____) = lies ____ myometrium (State its function)
- Basal layer (stratum ____) = lies ____ myometrium (State its functions)
ENDOMETRIUM
- INNERMOST layer
- Lined by SIMPLE COLUMNAR epithelium and contains numerous TUBULAR glands
- No discrete borders between the two layers of endometrium but layers differentiated as STROMAL tissue is more CELLULAR in basal layer
- 2 layers = Stratum functionale + Stratum basale
- Functional layer (stratum FUNCTIONALE) = lies FURTHER FROM myometrium (Function = Proliferates, secretes, sheds during menstrual cycle)
- Basal layer (stratum BASALE) = lies CLOSER TO myometrium (Function = Regenerates endometrium after superficial 2/3 of endometrium is shed)
State the different types of cells that make up the ENDOCERVIX and ECTOCERVIX
endocervix - simple columnar epithelium on thick lamina propria
- more proximal and closer to uterus
ectocervix - NKSSE (non-keratinised simple squamous epithelium)
- projects into vagina
State the normal pH of the vagina
pH 3.8-4.2
State the layers of the vagina (exterior - inferior)
mucous layer
lamina propria
muscular layer
adventitia
LAYERS OF THE VAGINA
1. Mucous layer - ____ epithelium continuing from ectocervix
2. Lamina propria - ____ and ____ fibres with small veins at deeper parts
3. Muscular layer - ill-defined muscular layers
4. Adventitia - ____ tissue layer containing many ____ fibres
LAYERS OF THE VAGINA
1. Mucous layer - NKSSE epithelium continuing from ectocervix
2. Lamina propria - ELASTIC and COLLAGEN fibres with small veins at deeper parts
3. Muscular layer - ill-defined muscular layers
4. Adventitia - CONNECTIVE tissue layer containing many ELASTIC fibres
State the differences between LABIA MAJORA and LABIA MINORA
LABIA MAJORA - LABIA MINORA
nksse - keratinised stratified sqaumous epithelium
contains sebaceous and sweat glands - sweat glands only
absent hair follicles - present hair follicles
State the 6 homologous structures of the FEMALE AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- ovaries - testes
- ovum - sperm cell
- labia majora - scrotum
- clitoris - glans penis and corpora cavernosa
- paraurethral glands - prostate
- bartholin gland - bulbourethral gland
