Reproductive System Flashcards
Variation
Ensures the survival of a species
Testes originate…
In the abdominal cavity and descend just prior to birth into scrotum
Testes secrete…
Hormones that help shape body as well as mental attitudes
Testes
- Paired oval gland
- covered with fibrous tissue and seminiferous tubules (sertoli cells)
- produce spermatozoa (1000/second)
Interstitial cells
- Located between seminiferous tubules
- produce testosterone
Epididymis
On the surface of testes where sperm matures and are stored
LH targets
Interstitial cells
FSH targets
Sertoli cells
Scrotum
- loose pouch that contains testes
- isolated from body to control temp of testes(35)
- muscles are mainly involuntary
Vas deferens
- tubes that transport sperm during ejaculation
- cutting off is a vasectomy
Spermatic cord
Made up of
- vans deferens
- blood and vessels
- muscles
- nerves
Spermatozoa (sperm)
Sperm+additives =semen
-once ejaculated have life span of 2 days in female tract
Parts of sperm
Tail- flagellum, propeller to move
Head- contains nucleus
Acrosome- part of head, contains enzymes to dissolve cells covering egg
Urethra
Conducts sperm out into vagina after secretions
Seminal vesicles
- 60% of volume
- secretes additives including fructose to provide sperm with energy
Prostate gland
Propels semen out of body
-has buffers to neutralize the conditions in penis and vagina
Cowper’s gland
Secrets lubricant that assists intercourse as well buffers that neutralize acidic conditions in vagina
Penis
Deposits sperm into vagina
3 parts of penis
- glans
- prepuce
- Corpora cavernosa
Glans
Erectile tissue
Prepuce
Covering over glans (foreskin)
Removed for reasons like
- hygiene
- cosmetic
- religious
Corpora cavernosa
Soft erectile tissue
Secondary sex characteristics (puberty) (6)
- hair growth
- deeper voice
- fat deposits
- coarser skin
- hand and feet grow
- angle from thigh to ankle forms straight line
Testosterone
Produced at interstitial cells(testes)
- stimulates spermatogenesis
- promotes 2ndary sex characteristics
- associated with sex drive
FSH (men)
produced at pituitary gland
-initiates sperm production
LH (men)
Produced at pituitary gland
-promotes testosterone production
GnRH
Produced at hypothalamus
-stimulates FSH & LH
Inhibin
Produced at Sertoli cells
-stops FSH and GnRH production
Balanitis
Inflammation of glans penis
Circumcision
Removal of all or part of prepuce
Orchitis
Inflammation of testes
Prostalitis
Inflammation of prostate gland
Vasectomy
Removal of short section of vans deferens (both)
Impotence
Inability marks to have erection due to psychological or physical problems
Male birth control (3)
- condom
- just say no
- vasectomy
7 functions of female
- Produce ova
- Produce hormones
- receive sperm
- provide site of fertilization and implantation
- carry baby
- deliver baby
- nourish baby
Ovaries
Paired almond shaped gland. 300,000 follicles at birth
Only 400 are ovulated
Fimbrae
Finger like extensions off top of Fallopian tube that move in a rhythmic fashion to sweep egg into opening of Fallopian tube
Fallopian tube (oviduct)
Faired tubes that transport ova down from ovaries to the uterus. Lined with cilia that sweep egg towards uterus. If sperm is in distal 1/3 then fertilization may take place after fertilization it takes 3-4 days for the blastocyst to travel to uterus and implantation take place.
Ectopic pregnancy
Occurs if pelvic or tubular implantation occurs
Uterus
Muscular organ about size of fist -lining is shed
Where implantation takes place
Endometrium
Vagina
Birth canal, passageway for menstrual fluid, receptacle for penis, acidic environment
Cervix
Muscular ring at the bottom of uterus located at end of vagina
- common type of cancer in women
Pap test
Done with speculum to detect early signs of cancer done at age of about 21
4 parts of Vulva
- Mons pubis
- Labia majora
- Labia minora
- Clitoris
Mons pubis
Area of fatty tissue that covers pubic bone in males and female
Labia majora
Pubic hair present along sweat glands and other lubricating glands. Folds of skin protect opening of vagina
Labia minora
No public hair or sweat glands but these folds also protect vagina
Clitoris
Erectile tissue as well as protective structure.
Mammary glands
fatty deposits and glands that secret milk through series of tubes to the nipple
Prolactin is induced by
High levels of progesterone
Secondary sex characteristics in women (7)
- enlarged breasts
- hair in armpits and pubic area
- wider hips
- fat deposits on hips and butt
- more body fat then men
- hand and feet smaller then men
- angle from hip to ankle is angled
C section
Remove baby thru abdomen
Colostrum
The first milk
Episiotomy
Cut vulva during birth
Gestation
Length of pregnancy
Hysterectomy
Uterus is removed
Parturition
Birth
Quickening
First fetal movement
Amniocentesis
Sample of amniotic fluid
Epidural
Numbs the spine
Estrogen
Produced at follicle cell in ovary
- Thickens endometrium
- inhibits facial hair
Progesterone
Produced at corpus luteum for first 12 weeks and then the placenta for rest of gestation
- inhibits ovulation and FSH
- firms cervix
- keeps endometrium
FSH
Produced at anterior pituitary
-matures the follicle
LH
Produced at anterior pituitary
-stimulates ovulation
Relaxin
Produced at placenta
-helps relax ligaments in pelvis and soften cervix
Oxytocin
Produced at posterior pituitary
- causes uterine contractions
- releases milk
Prolactin
Produced at anterior pituitary
-milk production
Oogenesis
Beginning of egg maturing
What are the names for first and last menstruation
First is menarche
Last is menopause
Four phases of the menstrual cycle
- Flow phase
- Follicular phase
- Ovulatory phase
- Luteal phase
Flow phase
Uterus contracts, helps to release endometrium
Lasts about 3-7 days
Follicular phase
Building of endometrium as follicle matures. Takes place between days 6-13
Ovulatory phase
Oocyte bursts from the ovary and is swept to the oviduct. Day 14
Luteal phase
Egg waits for fertilization and endometrium is being prepped
Corpus luteum is producing progesterone while maintaining endometrium
Zygote
Fertilized egg
2 layers of blastocyst and what they are
Amnion- inner membrane that becomes amniotic sac
Chorion-outer membrane that becomes placenta, produces HCG for 1st 3 months
Early umbilical cord
Allantois
Chorionic villi
Projections for the placenta that ensure a number of blood vessels are exposed to maternal blood
First trimester
Gastrulation happens here, goes from 2 layered to 3 layered gastrula
3 germ layers
- ectoderm- outer layers of cell, becomes skin nerves and brain
- mesoderm-middle layer becomes muscle and kidney
- endoderm-inner organs
Second trimester
All organs are formed but not fully
Third trimester
Baby is increasing in mass and organs are enlarging
Differentiation
Cells specialize
Gastrulation
Jelly bean collapses
In vitro fertilization
Sperm and eggs are donated, fertilization happens in lab then embryo is implanted into mother
Artificial insemination
Mom chooses a donor and the sperm is inserted and fertilization takes place
Labia majora is homologous to…
Scrotum in males
Clitoris is homologous to
Glans in males
How many days after fertilization is the baby’s due date
266
How many days after first day of last period is baby’s due date
280
4 types of birth control
1.the pill
2. The patch
3. Implants
4 diaphragm
