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Bio 104 A&P 2 > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What similarities do the female and male reproductive system share?

A

🔸️Gonads
🔸️Gametes
🔸️accessory reproductive organs

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2
Q

Gonads secrete what hormones?

A

secrete sex hormones, including testosterone and estrogen

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3
Q

Gametes are produced by what? And what process?

A

Gonads produce Gametes (sex cells) by meiosis

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4
Q

male gametes are called?
female gametes are called?

A

🔸️male gametes are called
sperm
🔸️female gametes are called ova/egg cells

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5
Q

Cell division:
mitosis produces?
meiosis produces?

A

🔸️mitosis that produces identical daughter cells
🔸️meiosis that produces (Gametes) sex cells

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6
Q

Fertilization is a process by which…

A

A sperm and egg cell fuse to form a new cell
called a zygote

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7
Q

Zygote

A

🔸️cell that divides to produce all of cells in a new individual
🔸️Must contain correct number of chromosomes; half from ovum and half from sperman

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8
Q

Meiosis

A

process during which a cell divides to form daughter cells with half number of chromosomes (Gametes)

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9
Q

Somatic cells

A

are diploid (2n) because they have full paired set of chromosomes (46 chromosomes)

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10
Q

Testes (testicles) are located?

A

outside abdominopelvic cavity in the scrotum

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11
Q

Testes perform two important functions:

A

sperm production and secretion of testosterone

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12
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

Each testis is divided into lobules; contain tightly coiled loops called seminiferous tubules where sperm is produced

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13
Q

Seminiferous tubules contain two cell types:

A
  1. Spermatogenic (sperm-forming cells)
  2. Sustentacular cells; support sperm production
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14
Q

Interstitial cells
(male reproductive system)
What are they called?
Found where?
Produce what?

A

(Leydig cells) - found between seminiferous tubules
🔸️Produce testosterone and androgens

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15
Q

Myoid cells in male reproductive system, what do they do? And are found where?

A

muscle-like cells that surround seminiferous tubules, contract to push sperm and testicular fluid through tubules

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16
Q

Flow of testicular fluid

A

Seminiferous tubules →
Straight tubule →
Rete testis →
Efferent ductules →
Epididymis

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17
Q

Epididymis

A

filled with ductules; site of sperm maturation and storage

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18
Q

Ductus deferens

A

Ductus deferens begins at end of epididymis
🔸️Travels within a spermatic cord through the inguinal canal into pelvic cavity
🔸️Mucosa consists of PSCCE and smooth muscle (muscularis)
🔸️store sperm for months and reabsorb any sperm that has not been ejaculated.

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19
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

Receives sperm from ductus at the seminal vesicle
Join urethra in the prostate

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20
Q

Urethra

A

transports both urine and semen in males

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21
Q

The penis is composed of 3 parts:

A

🔸️Root- attaches to body wall
🔸️Body or shaft- contains erectile tissue
🔸️Glans Penis- where external urethral orifice is located

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22
Q

Internal penis

A

includes three cylindrical erectile bodies (corpora)

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23
Q

erectile body made out of?

A

Each erectile body is a spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle with vascular spaces

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24
Q

What are 2 erectile bodies?

A

🔸️Corpora cavernosa paired erectile bodies
🔸️Corpus Spongiosum at base

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25
Accessory sex glands male:
Seminal vesicles Prostate
26
Seminal vesicles Where is it found? What does it form?
Found on posterior surface of urinary bladder meets with ductus deferens to form ejaculatory ducts
27
Seminal fluid made of...
60-70% of Semen volume 🔸️Fructose 🔸️Prostaglandin 🔸️Coagulating proteins 🔸️pH of seminal fluid is alkaline to neutralize acids
28
Fructose
sugar that sperm utilize for ATP synthesis
29
Prostaglandins
- stimulate smooth muscle contraction
30
Prostate Location and what is it made of?
inferior to urinary bladder; surrounds urethra and ejaculatory ducts Made up of 20-30 tubular glands and smooth muscle
31
Prostatic secretions made of...
🔸️ 20-30% of Semen volume 🔸️Citrate 🔸️Prostate specific antigen (PSA) 🔸️Antimicrobial chemicals
32
Citrate
-sugar that sperm can utilize
33
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)-
dissolve semen clot in female reproductive tract to allow sperm to proceed further into tract
34
Antimicrobial chemicals -
inhibit some bacterial growth to decrease risk of infection in female reproductive system
35
Bulbourethral glands What is its other name? Where is it located?
(Cowper's glands) paired glands found at base of penis on either side of membranous urethra
36
Bulbourethral glands does what?
🔸️Secrete a thick, alkaline mucus-like fluid that helps neutralize 🔸️Also lubricate glans penis during intercourse 🔸️5% of Semen volume.
37
Sperm
🔸️5% of semen volume Typical ejaculate is between 2.5 and 5 ml in volume; contains between 40-750 million sperm cells
38
Support structure: Scrotum What is the line called that divides the scrotum and what is the wall made of?
Midline septum divides scrotum into two compartments, Scrotum wall contains a layer of smooth muscle called dartos muscle
39
Support structure: Spermatic cord
tube extending from scrotum; contains ductus deferens, blood and lymph vessels, and nerves; leads to pelvic cavity
40
Cremaster muscle
smooth muscle that controls height of testes
41
What temperature is needed to make sperm?
Normal body temperature (37° C) is too warm for mass production of viable sperm cells; scrotum is generally 3° C cooler
42
Inguinal canal leads into...
abdominal cavity
43
Process of spermatogenesis
1) Spermatogonia (2n) - stem cells - divide by mitosis - some differentiate into-> 2) Primary Spermatocytes (2n) - meiosis I→ 3) Secondary Spermatocytes (n) - meiosis II →→ (4) Spermatids (n) → spermatozoa
44
Sustentacular cells (nurse cells. Sertoli cells) What do they do? What do they produce?
🔸️Provide nutrients for dividing cells and produce inhibin, which help regulate spermatogenesis 🔸️Phagocytize damaged spermatogenic cells
45
Spermatids develop a...
head, midpiece, and tail as they mature into sperm cells
46
Sperm regions
Head Midpiece Tail
47
Sperm: Head
contains nucleus (DNA & chromosomes) and acrosome (enzyme that covers the nucleus)
48
Sperm: Midpiece
contains mitochondria (lots of ATP for energy)
49
Sperm: Tail
Flagellum (moves the sperm)
50
Maturation process of sperm
Migrate to epididymis where they will complete maturation process takes 12 days to reach epididymis and mature where sperm cells will remain viable for months Entire process takes 60-70 days to complete Sperm cells that are not ejaculated within a few months are reabsorpted
51
GnRH stands for and is produced by?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and produced by hypothalamus
52
Anterior pituitary detects GnRH; stimulates secretion of
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH ) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
53
FSH stimulates
(follicle-stimulating hormone) stimulates sustentacular cells to work and release inhibin hormone
54
LH stimulates
luteinizing hormone stimulates interstitial cells -> testosterone
55
Testosterone
main hormone involved in regulation of spermatogenesis and male reproductive physiology
56
Inhibin decreases release of
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
57
testosterone reduces
GnRH(Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) secretion
58
Erection What system? PSN/SNS? Triggers the release of?
Para Sympathetic reflex triggers release of nitric oxide (NO) from blood vessels
59
During Erection the Arterioles do what?
Arterioles dilate in erectile tissue; allows for a large volume of blood to enter tissue
60
Non-aroused state penis is called?
In non-aroused state penis is flaccid (relaxed) as blood vessels supplying penis are constricted
61
Orgasm
time period during which feelings of pleasure are experienced; coincides with ejaculation
62
What happens during Ejaculation? And is it PSN/SNS?
process to expel semen from penis; under Sympathetic nervous system control
63
Ejaculation: Sympathetic nervous system control that occurs in two stages:
🔸️Emission-movement semen into urethra 🔸️Expulsion-occurs as semen pushes from urethra
64
Effects of Testosterone
🔸️Testosterone levels increase dramatically at puberty typically between 12 and 14 years of age in males 🔸️Increased testosterone levels trigger spermatogenesis and appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
65
Increased testosterone levels trigger spermatogenesis and appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
🔸️Growth of pubic, axillary, chest, and facial hair 🔸️Larynx enlarges (Adam's apple) 🔸️Skin thickens and sebaceous glands increase secretion 🔸️ Bone density increases 🔸️Skeletal muscle mass increases 🔸️Erythrocyte production increases (erythropoietin secretion) 🔸️Testosterone influences behavior; basis for male libido

Bio 104 A&P 2 (11 decks)

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