reproductive system Flashcards
drugs and hormones
androgens
testes produced testosterine (leydig cells) (mainly)
adrenal gland and ovary produce a little
synthesized from cholesterol
effect; men
- spermatogenesis
- libido
- closure of epiphyseal plates
- 2nd male sex characteristics
- protein anabolic effect
- growth male reproductive organs
effect; women;
- development clit
- hair growth
- libodo
- sebaceous glands
genomic and non-genomic effects
anti-androgens
cyproterone acetate;
- androgen receptor blocker
- inhibition of LH secretion
- inhibition of 5a-reductase
finasteride;
- 5a-reductase inhibitor; no DHT is formed, the active form of testosterone
oestrogens
synthesized form cholesterol > with the enzyme aromatase
FSH stimulates oestrogens
LH stimulates oestrogens + progesterone
androgen produced in thecal cell diffused to the granulosa cell converted to oestrogens by aromatase
genomic and non-genomic effects
oestradiol 100% bioactivity
very lipophilic, delayed absorption, prolonged action
effects;
- central; suppression LH and FSH
- ovary; growth of follicles
- uterus; endometrium, increased sensitivity to oxytocin
- cervix; secretion of liquid and elastic mucous
- 2nd sex characteristics
- metabolic effects
- vasodilator/cardioprotective; increased NO > lower blood pressure
anti-oestrogens
aromatase inhibitors
SERM;
- tamoxifen; reduces breast cancer risk, increased risk uterine cancer and blood clotting. partial agonists
- raloxifene; reduces risk breast and uterine cancer
clomiphene; partial agonist. ovulation induction, disinhibition of GnRH secretion. in women who want children
progestogens
stimulated by LH, produced in the corpus luteum, depends on the cycle
function; reproduction, needed in pregnancy
effects;
- central; suppression of FSH and LH, thermogenic
- uterus; endometrium, myometrium; reduced sensitivity to oxytocin and prostaglandins
- cervix; secretion of viscous mucous, reduced permeability to spermatozoa
- metabolic effects
works genomic and non-genomic
used in menstrual disorders, metastasized endometrial or breast carcinoma, endometriosis
anti-progestogens
mifepristone;
- abortion; sensitization for prostaglandins, contraction
contraceptives
- parental; injection
- oral; ethinyl oestradiol + progestogen (keep oestrogen level as low as possible). minipill, morning-after pill (high dose of oestrogen)
testosterone
an androgen
produced in interstitial cells
for 2nd sex organs
negative effect on hypothalamus
large first pass liver effect
testosterone in blood is inactive, needs to be converted to DTH by 5a-reductase to be active
GnRH
continous administration > inhibits the GnRH receptor
pulsitile adminstration > stimulates the GnRH receptor
determines the amount of LH and FSH released
anabolic drugs
based on the backbone of testosterone the anabolic and androgenic activity can be separated.
testosterone derivatives, modified to increase the anabolic effect and to reduce the androgenic effects.
to increase the muscle mass
THG
side effects of androgens
- virilization
- water and salt retention
- hepatoxicity
- oligospermia
- growth of prostate carcinoma
- increased LDL, reduced HDL cholesterol
- LV hypertrophy, fibrosis, heart failure
ethinyl derivatives
introduction prevents rapid metabolism in the liver
used in contraceptives, in combination with progestogen
SERM (selective oestrogen receptor modulator)
raloxifene
used in osteoporosis
substitution therapy
side effects of oestrogens
- nausea
- water and salt retention
- promotion of coagulation
- breakthrough bleeding
- cholestasis
- increased risk cancer
- increased risk dementia
side effects of progestogens
- virilization, anabolic effects
- reduced HDL
- fluid retention
- sleepiness, depression
- amenorrhoea
- impaired glucose tolerance
- thromboembolism
